N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) has long been recognized as one of the key contaminant of concern for potable reuse (NRC, 2012). Utilities currently operating advanced water purification facilities (AWPF) for indirect potable reuse (IPR) have implemented various strategies, including source control, diversion of sidestream return flows, or use of al...

A traditional two-stage RO system was coupled with a 3rd-stage, semi-batch RO process to increase overall recovery above 92%. The CCD process was integrated as a 3rd-stage as it could achieve higher recoveries due to its cyclical operation pattern, ability to achieve higher cross-flow velocities through recirculation of the concentrate stream, and ...