Seawater reverse osmosis (SWRO) desalination plants require complicated design, construction, and operation procedures because they generally involve various different systems such as intake, pretreatment, RO membranes, post-treatment, and brine outfall/management. Although several SWRO desalination plants have been constructed and operated in Sout...

Membrane filtration of wastewater accompanies formation of cake layers in membrane bioreactor (MBR) systems. The cake layer has been thought to cause flux decline in MBR for treating various wastewaters under different operating conditions, whereas several recent investigators reported that the cake layer on the membrane surface could enhance perme...

This paper describes a model that can be used to assess RO membrane performance using local hydraulic resistances and local fouling rates. The model links measured plant parameters with the internal characteristics of RO membranes and was calibrated using RO projection programs, operation data or literature data....