The final permeate of a Reverse Osmosis ( RO ) membrane system is a complex blend of water produced at multiple sites in the overall equipment array. The finished quality is not only dependant on the expected performance of the membrane elements within the pressure vessels but also on ensuring secure connections between elements and end caps. RO...

Controlled studies are needed which examine the anti-biofouling benefits of new membrane and module innovations. Such investigations are often very small in scale, or they may lack sufficient control over feed water properties, or fail to compare against a control group of membranes, or run outside the normal operating ranges of RO systems. To addr...