This paper presents two desalination facilities that were constructed to minimize environmental impacts in the forefront. The first facility, the Javea Desalination Plant, minimized brine impact on the receiving body. The second facility, the Beckton Desalination plant, was designed with energy consumption minimized to reduce the carbon footprint a...

In 1998 Alameda County Water District (ACWD) embarked upon a plant redesign project with the goal of reducing disinfection by-products, improving plant reliability and reducing reliance on chemical treatment. Ultrafiltration membranes seemed to be the answer, because the understanding at the time was that the process is primarily ?physical? in natu...

Optimizing the pretreatment, including pre filtration at a membrane treatment plant can save money and the environment by reducing fouling and chemical usage. A multi stage approach can effectively pretreat the water to reduce membrane fouling....

This paper provides a through discussion of fouling and scaling as well as treatment and technology that are used to control loss of membrane productivity and performance. A basic yet thorough understanding of antiscalant is provided for operators....

Environmental concerns with the discharge of seawater desalination concentrate into coastal marine environments lead to significant project costs and risks for permits, outfall pipelines, diffusion devices and perhaps even mitigation. This paper presents ecosystem assessment methods and lessons from studies involving permits for municipal wastewat...

To offset imported State Project Water, the City of Santa Monica is resuming the use of local, impaired groundwater resources contaminated with MTBE and TBA. Using membrane softening, these contamnants are effectively removed. However, ambient iron and manganese levels prematurely foul the softening membranes. Optimized green sand filtration with...

The utilization of RO to achieve emerging contaminant control for indirect potable reuse is commonly accepted in California. Emerging contaminants, also frequently called constituents of emerging concern (CEC) include a wide and diverse spectrum of potential contaminants. They are ?potential? contaminants because they are currently unregulated, but...

Since golf courses began watering with recycled water in the mid 1990s signs of problems have been seen. The problems were determined to be caused by high salinity concentrations from the recycled water. In order to address the TDS problems a dual membrane (i.e., MF/RO) was designed to replace the existing sand filtration system. The new system was...

The California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation (CDCR) has taken steps to improve the water supply system for the Deuel Vocational Institution (DVI) in Tracy, CA. In the past, the Institution supplied potable water to the facility from four slightly brackish groundwater wells. The groundwater has a TDS concentration of 1,150 to 2,200 mg...

implementing conventional softening ICCS reactors tested were shown in increase brackish water RO recoveries up to 95%. These reactors however require a significant amount of chemicals and they generate a large volume of residuals to be handled. Pellet softening ICCS reactors were tested and achieved the RO system was able to achieve a 96% recovery...

The Indian Wells Valley Water District (District) in Ridgecrest, California, is located in the Mojave Desert about 150 miles inland from Los Angeles. As part of their planning for future water supplies, the District undertook a study to evaluate treatment of local brackish groundwater sources (TDS in the range of 1,300 to 2,000 mg/L). Pilot testin...

The San Antonio Water System (SAWS) launched a feasibility assessment as part of its Brackish Groundwater Desalination (BGD) Project. The purpose of the assessment was to evaluate the potential of developing brackish groundwater (1,000 - 3,000 mg/l total dissolved solids) from the Lower Wilcox Aquifer as an additional water supply source to the exi...

Average brackish water RO recovery is about 75% in southern Florida. With an anticipated capacity of 540 mgd by 2025 and increase in recovery to 95% would yield over 100 mgd of potable water. A two phase study was conducted to evaluate possible concentrate management techniques to increase RO recovery. Stage 1 involved a literature review and feasi...

The Hemet Water Filtration Plant (HWFP) was designed to operate at 98% recovery without a backwash recycling system at the plant. This was the first membrane water treatment plant in California to operate over 95% recovery and achieve 4 log disinfection credit for cryptosporidium. The excellent recovery was made possible by a unique tank design th...

Traditional treatment of acid rock drainage consists of pH adjustment, clarification, and sand filtration. Then the pH is adjusted back to a normal range and the effluent is discharged. These operations are prone to clarifier upsets and filter clogging. A ceramic MF membrane was used to replace the clarifier and sand filter. This membrane was opera...

This paper evaluates the use of secondary versus tertiary water for sourcewater ro indirect potable reuse. The addition of Mannich polymer for tertiary treatment results in increased NDMA formation. Ths paper compares the operation of the unit processes for the indirect potable reuse on both source waters. The source water and product water quali...

High recovery RO techniques are being developed which can recover from 90 to 98% of the water leaving a relatively small volume concentrated brine that can be cost effectively managed. In order to attain such high recovery, special precautions and pre-treatment procedures are necessary to minimize fouling, including softening and the use of antisca...

Tidally influenced surface water sources that are being treated or being considered for treatment include the Taunton River in the Massachusetts, the Hudson River in New York, the Chesapeake Bay, Tampa Bay, and the San Francisco Bay. These raw water sources can experience changes in salinity as great as 10,000 mg/l and changes in temperature of ove...

The presentation provides an overview of removal capabilities, system configurations, fouling, management of residuals, regulations and integrity monitoring. The importance of pretreatment is also discussed providing the reader with a basic understanding of microfiltration and ultrafiltration....

The advanced water purification center for the city of Oxnard will employ MF/RO/UV-AOP process to treat an initial capacity of 6.25 mgd of secondary effluent to title 22 reuse standards. The site will have a build out capacity of 25 mgd. Effluent will be split into 3 streams: landscape irrigation, agricultural irrigation, and ground water recharge....

This talk summarizes the rapid growth of the use of MF and UF as pretreatment for seawater desalination. Cost, filtrate quality, operations, membrane materials all contribute to the increase in MF/UF for RO pretreatment on a world wide basis....

The City of Santa Maria, CA needed to increase it's water production from groundwater wells in order to meet the city's demand. However, increasing TDS concentrations have forced the city to use RO or EDR in the treatment train. Both of these options have a brine byproduct that the city wants to minimize. The city compared 10 brine minimization and...

For seawater desalting to produce potable water, brine disposal may be a paramount challenge. Some communities have a potentially valuable future opportunity because they have a wastewater effluent outfall with available capacity. Effluent discharges are already regulated through national pollutant discharge elimination system (NPDES) permits, typi...

Only a very short abstract was provided; not enough to develop a summary!...

Seawater desalination generally requires robust pretreatment in order to be sustainable and cost effective. This paper provides an overview of commonly used pretreatment technologies including MF/UF, intake configurations and conventional treatment....

RO module product development increases daily. Development can also mean replacement challenges in WTPs. Single element and full array studies are 2 approaches in pilot studies, and costs can vary significantly. Recovery and flux tracking method is cheaper and more accurate. it combines existing infrastructure with advanced instrumentation and cont...

Treatment of sourcewater with higher contaminant loadings results in increased fouling rates on RO membranes. Pretreatment of the sourcewater is required to improve membrane performance. This paper reports tests conducted on a novel membrane with improved "extra fouling resistant" XFR membranes. Lab scale studies demonstrate both improve resistanc...

NASA is engaged in forward osmosis research as support for Consellation System Applications. Using wastewater treatment and forward osmosis, power cogeneration, drinking water production are possible in a comprehenisive environmental system design. Space exploration applications are evident as well as terrestrial opportunitites....

Energy recovery devices are employed in nearly all seawater reverse osmosis (SWRO) desalination plants to recover pressure from the membrane reject stream and return it to the process. Because of the high pressures and low membrane permeate recovery rates common in these systems, the membrane reject stream contains a considerable amount of energy ...

This paper discusses the important desing consideration for MBR system performance. The overall design must consider biological, membrane and hydraulic considerations. The impacts of various design consiideration are compared in ensuring overall system reliability....

A comparison of RO desalination costs between a system operating with intermediate brine treatment and one operating with intermediate brine treatment was conducted. Without brine treatment the RO system was able to produce 58% recovery at $0.71 per m3. By including an intermediate concentrate demineralization step recovery was increased to 92% at ...

The cost of concentrate disposal has been reported to be the highest operational line item (up to 70%) for inland brackish groundwater RO (BWRO) processes. Antiscalants are used to prevent precipitation on the RO membrane surface and improve recovery, but their range is limited. This research focused on a side-stream treatment to oxidize and inac...

Microbial Fuel Cell (MFC) have the potential to provide energy reuse within bioloigal treatment processes and reduce carbon footprint. This paper discusses use of MFCs in wastewater processes, methane production, desalinations, power supply and other advantages. The overall econonic advantages of MFCs are estimated....

Microbial desalination cells used a pretreatment for seawater RO can reduce salt content between 50-70%. The pretreatment step is self-powered because of the energy created in the cell. An energy savings of 7 kW-hr/1000 gallons would save a 1 MGD RO facility $200,000 per year....

This paper evaluates the impacts process design criteria have on carbon emissions and guides the process engineer to where the greatest benefits may be realized. A conceptual reverse osmosis (RO) plant is evaluated to quantify carbon emissions based on the selection of specific design criteria for processes throughout the plant. The authors evalua...

The City of Baltimore, Maryland has a water system that that currently serves approximately 1.8 million people. The City is faced with various challenges related to aging infrastructure and increased potable water demands. To address these challenges, the City recently undertook a study to evaluate water supply and treatment alternatives and develo...

Expansion of the Waynesboro Borough Authority (WBA) treatment system required adding a new ground water source. The existing source water is a reservoir that is easily treated by conventional treatment. The groundwater was high in hardness and required nanofiltration treament prior to blending with the existing source water. This paper discusses...

The new Brunswick, NJ WTP consisted of 2 treatment trains. Train 1 utilized gravity filters and Train 2 included pressure filters. The pressure filters were no longer meeting filter turbidity effluent requirements. Membranes were selected as an appropriate technology because they could be installed without disrupting Train 1 operations. 3- units we...

Wastewater reuse has not been explored traditionally in the water rich north eastern US. However, as some utilities are approaching limits of their supply, reuse is becoming a more attractive option for some purposes. Because reuse has not been implemented in this area, the state of Connecticut is relying on reuse guidelines from Florida. One of th...

Four separate membrane systems were piloted for the new 20 MGD water treatment facility for the City of Broken Arrow, Oklahoma. The Verdigris River is the sourcewater for the plant and has TOC in the 4-9.5 ppm range. Coagulant was added for TOC removal and a fifteen week pilot was conducted to optimize the fitration performance of the various syst...

High turbidity during the rainy winter season forced the city to shut down its conventional WTP during the winter. To reduce the cities dependence on groundwater during these months. In 2003 a study had recommended an MF facility, however it was put on hold due to funding. In 2008 because of poor industry performance of polymeric membranes the city...

The treatment of wells with increased levels of nitrates with RO is preferred for water quality. The use of RO is dependent on the abiility of the process to treat the resultant concentrate. Increase levels of selenium, salts and alpha radiation prohibit discharge without treatment of the concetrate in most instances. For the water treatment plants...

The San Antonio Water System (SAWS) is considering using raw and desalinated brackish groundwater from the Wilcox Aquifer to supplement their current supplies. Introduction of a new water source into SAWS' distribution system has the potential to generate changes related to corrosion, metal release, and aesthetics (i.e., color). Pipes within the di...

To meet the water demands of a new industrial zone in Council Bluffs, IA the city decided to construct a new WTP close to the area. They decided on a membranes facility because of footprint constraints and the ability to operate the plant remotely from the existing WTP. Pre oxidation and UF membranes were integrated to remove high levels of iron an...

Growing areas, such as St. Charles County in suburban St. Louis, Missouri, faced the challenges of providing wastewater collection and treatment for its economic boom. The major challenge involved the inability of local government to find sufficient resources to meet the aggressive schedule of developers. The advent of the Membrane BioReactor (MBR...

The successful use of a hybrid membrane design and turbo booster at the City of Oxnard, CA is presented. The first stage of the system has high permeable energy saving membranes, whild the second stage has lower permeable higher rejecting membranes. The turbo pump optimizes the overall energy performance of the system....

This paper reviews recent pilot projects conducted in the United States and Singapore where reverse osmosis is being used in conjunction with membrane bioreactor (MBR) technology to treat municipal wastewater for potential indirect potable reuse. MBR technology is capable of producing low TSS effluent suitable for reverse osmosis treatment. Special...

The performance of RO membranes wih a new thicker brine spacer that has biostatic agent is compared against conventional spacer technology. The unique geometry of the new spacer demonstrates improved performance in both lab and full scale systems....

An increasing number of brackish water RO (Reverse Osmosis) and NF (Nanofiltration) systems are being designed and operated on high salinity feed water sources which can range from 2,000 to 10,000 mg/l TDS (Total Dissolved Solids). Increased feed TDS can dramatically impact the design of the RO/NF in terms of hydraulic design, feed pressure require...

This talk provides a summary of the role that FO currently plays in manufacturering, gas and oil production, water recycling and waste to energy efforts. Forward osmosis and pressure retarded osmosis have potential roles to play in resource recovery and power generation....

This talk provides an overview of Hydro-Quebec's power generation portfolio and describes how osmotic power is expected to play a role in supplying energy in the future. HQ considers osmotic power a promising new source of renewable energy that will be at competitive costs by 2010....

The advantage of a flat sheet MBR membrane are presented for treatment of wastewater. Course screenig and multiple recyle screens are not required. The system does not impact the denitrification process and has reduced need for cleaaning. The flat sheet membranes can be cleaned in place. Many advantages of the flat sheet design are presented....

Two hydrodynamic and mass transfer models are presented which the researchers propose can be used to scale nenbrane performance up the plant level. Using these models, a comparison of the overall plant and membrane performances can be made based in terms of net power produced and membrane costs. The models also predict that it is technically feas...

This study shows the sensitivity of the Pressure Decay Test and the effect on gas diffusion on the sensitivity of the study. The test compare results of single and multibore hollow fiber membranes....

This paper and presentation will provide the steps and methods used by the Irvine Ranch Water District (IRWD) on the permitting and concentrate recovery methods for the Irvine Desalter Project (IDP) and the Deep Aquifer Treatment System (DATS)....

This paper compares side by side two main classes of water bodies that receive concentrated brine discharge from Reverse Osmosis (RO) Desalination Plants: oceans (or open seas) and estuarine bays (under the influence of fresh water). These two classes of water bodies have inherent properties which drive not only the operation of RO plants, but also...

The City of Jupiter FL utilizes ion exchange, nanofiltration softening and brackish water RO to produce drinking water for its residents. This proejct describes the process by which the utility successfully incorporated a new RO design (center discharge) in a plant expansion. The plant expansion was completed with no net incrase in operations sta...

This presentation is an introduction to the nomenclature used in the appliction of membrane elements and system design....

Operators of RO plants used to be dependent on outside consultants for data analysis of their system performance. Computer software is now readily in operators hands to help analyze data and trouble shoot operations. This has taken a lot of the decision making that once fell on utility managers and moved it to site managers....

Membrane Bioreactors (MBRs) are widely accepted today for the treatment of industrial and municipal wastewater. Benefits of MBR technology over alternative technologies include superior water quality and reduced footprint. The energy consumption of MBRs however, is greater than the energy consumption of a conventional activated sludge (CAS) plant. ...

A pilot study was conducted on a ceramic membraned to demonstrate TOC reduction. The pilot consisted of a 500 micron stainer, 25 ppm ACH followed by ceramica membrane filtration. The study confrment the treatment schemes ability to deliver less than 0.05 ppm TOC....

"After over 6 years of applications and improvements, the POREFLON PTFE membrane has now obtained CA Title 22 cerfication and moves into the US market. Data from this testing and approval are highlighted. Physical characteristics incluing high porosity, high chemical resistance, high strength, and high temperature resistance are presented and compa...

"Palatka, FL completed their new 6 MGD potable water facility in the summer of 2009, The system was designed primarily to deal with disinfection byproducts (DBP) control. The City along with assistance from their consultant, Hoyle, Tanner & Associates chose a process of enhanced coagulation and ultrafiltration (UF). An overview of the process and d...

"This paper will present the results of the vessel-based and land-base desalination evaluation including evaluation of intake and concentrate disposal alternatives and impacts to pretreatment requirements. It will discuss costs for the various alternatives evaluated, the unique local challenges to project implementation, and general challenges to i...

The Mesa Consolidated Water District's (MCWD) Colored Water Treatment Facility (CWTF) uses ozone and GAC to treat highly colored groundwater. Due to increasing groundwater color and bromide levels, the current process at the CWTF is reaching the end of its useful life. Future color levels may be as high as 300 C.U. The purpose of the CWTF Technol...

This Paper describes challenges to inland desalination plants with respect to concentrate management and high recovery processes....

Pilot testing pre-treatment alternatives on a difficult to treat (i.e., high organics and taste & older) surface water was conducted. Testing trains included: 1. MIEX with coagulation and sedimentation; 2. Enhanced coagulation; 3. Enhanced softening and; 4. MIEX alone. Pilot testing included MF/UF treatment after the pretreatment. MIEX with coagula...

In order to reduce potable water demands a 1.1 mgd wastewater reclamation facility was proposed in Queensland AU. RO concentrate disposal was an issue due to concentrated chloramines in the brine. Two options were investigated. The option chosen included a storage tank and dechlorination with sodium bi-sulfite before river discharge. This facility ...

This paper will describe this delivery approach for a membrane bioreactor system and tools for managing associated risks. In addition, construction activities and lessons learned (to date) will so be provided. Clackamas County Water Environment Services (WES) initiated design for Phase I of the Tri-City Water Pollution Control Plant (WPCP) Expan...

In an attempt to restore estuarine ecosystems the Miami-Dade Water and Sewer Department is evaluating the potential to use reclaimed water. Three treatment trains are being investigated nitrification-denitrification-MF/UF-UV/AOP-Ozone/AOP and two alternate trains including RO and RO and MF/UF. The selected design includes full advanced treatment in...

This paper focuses on the assessment of RO and NF performance, and specifically addresses the full-scale desalination design to accommodate water quality fluctuations as well as evaluating the performance of the desalination membranes during feedwater conditions that varied from their ideal design conditions The pilot plant was located at CCWD's Ma...

The Gibson Island Advanced Water treatment plant is a 25 MGD facility that treats wastewater effluent to potable water standards. The treatment system includes Actiflo pretreatment, MF-RO-and UV/AOP with hydrogen peroxide. The treated water is used as industrial re-use and indirect potable re-use via storage reservoirs. The plant has operated for o...

This ZDD technology involves the use of EDM to concentrate two streams of the RO concentrate, one CaSO4 rich and one NaCl rich. These streams are then combined to precipitate out gypsum. This stream is then recycled back to the RO feed. This method has shown to increase brackish water RO recoveries from 75% to 99%....

Thin film nanocomposites were developed for brackish water RO membranes in 2007. Since the release of these TFN membranes the technology has been developed for seawater RO. The use of this method on SWRO membranes can increase flux from the standard 17 gfd to 33 gfd. At an existing plant this will result in either 70% more water produced or a 20% e...

This paper summarizes the forward osmosis work undertaken in Singapore. Challenges identified include membrane fabrication, fouling identification, fouling control and selection of appropriate draw solutions. The work highlights the cooperative efforts of Nanyang University, Singapore Public Utilities and the Singapore Government....

Pilot testing of two microfiltration skids (Pall and Memcor) was performed to assess the feasibility of using coagulation and MF as pretreatment for RO for arsenic removal. The prefered sustainable flux, recovery, operational consistency and filtrate water quality were achieved using ferric chloride and the Pall unit....

The challenge testing of four low pressure membranes manufactured by two companies, Siemens and DOW Chemical, was performed in a laboratory in accordance with the Membrane Filtration Guidance Manual (MFGM) developed for the Long Term 2 Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule (LT2ESWTR). Direct integrity testing (DIT) was performed before and after c...

The historical development of reverse osmosis is reviewed to provide context for the ongoing research efforts regarding pressure retarded osmosis. Emphasis is placed on the diverse background, breadth of knowledge and teamwork required to bring new technologies to the market....

The orange County Sanitation District operates a 70 mgd water reuse facility. The plant treats secondary effluent with MF/RO/UV-AOP/Lime and injects into the ground for indirect potable reuse. Each of the process treatment trains have had operational issues after start-up. This paper describes the issues and the solutions to these problems....

The Orange County Sanitation District operates a 70 mgd water reuse facility. The treatment train includes MF/RO/UV/Lime. Pilot testing was conducted to evaluate different MF and RO membranes for fouling potential. Lessons learned from the extensive 3 year pilot testing has contributed to the success of the full scale operation....

This paper discusses growing applications of MBR technology for treatment of various wastewater from municipal and industrial applications. The use of MBR combined with RO for reuses is also discussed. The advantage of MBR over other treatment methods is presented....

Washington State Parks reduced pollution into waterways through the construction of five membrane reactor wastewater treatment facilities on Puget Sound. A novel project management approach of Owner, Engineer, MBR system supplier, Contractor and Operations company was used to deliver the projects in a timely and budget conscience manner....

Turbo charger efficiencies have increased over the last decade through technology optimization. Higher rotating speeds can increase efficiency. New turbocharger showed no significant geometry differences between new and old turbochargers; however the new turbocharger showed a 5.2% higher efficiency. The increase in turbocharger efficiency has no dr...

Cyclic Ion exchange (CIX) can be used on RO concentrates with brine conentrations as low as 2%. When combining antiscalant and CIX RO reject can be increase to 90%....

A 150 gpm temporary desalination pilot facility was designed and installed to determine if potable water could be reliably and economically produced from the San Pasqual GW Basin. Five identical constructed wetland basins, one batch evaporation control and 4 flow through beds with different halophytes. Two Halophytes showed great promise. More rese...

The city of San Diego is investigating brackish water desalination for groundwater sources in the San Pasqual Valley. A three stage NF-RO-RO high pressure membrane system was designed to treat the groundwater. Iron and manganese concentrations in the source water were higher than expected and led to fouling of the membranes. A slow sand filter was ...

The requirement for more stringent control of water quality from reverse osmosis water treatment facilities is being seen more and more in municipal potable water systems. In addition to the traditional goal of salt removal, today's standards call for a stable finished water that does not cause adverse distribution system reactions due to the chang...

The San Antonio Water System (SAWS) is investigating the treatment of brackish water desalination to augment its water portfolio. Because off the stringent pilot testing requirements required in Texas a thorough pilot test must be conducted with no shutdowns for more than 24 hours. Because issues are bound to come up in pilot testing a list of less...

The San Diego County Water Authority has performed a feasiblity analysis for locating a 50 to 150 MGD desalination facility at Camp Pendleton. Two sites were evaluated for intake design, environmental impacts, permitting requirements, transmission route alignment and cost. The desalination facility is under consideration so that the Agency can re...

This presentation describes the opportunity for energy production by means of pressure retarded osmosis using hollow fiber membranes. A summary of the bench scale and laboratory work in support of this research topic is provided....

The historical performance of a 1.5 mgd Memcor membrane filtration system installed in 1994 is presented. This system has continuously operated since that time. It is one of the first large scale membrane filtration systems installed in the USA as a public water system and services a private industry as well as neighboring homes. There are several...

The dry southern coastal region of Peru is water poor and mineral rich. Mining and processing metals such as copper require large quantities of freshwater which is a scarcity in the region. Copper economics are favorable for the development of desalination as a water resource. This presentation evaluates four intake configurations (open ocean, 2...

This paper reports on a hydogeological study for an alternative intake structure on wells rather than seawater to increase treatment plant efficiency. The improved raw water quality is expected to result in lower capital and operating costs for the Water-En Energiebedrijf WEB in Aruba....

This paper documents an economic analysis that was performed to determine the most effective cleaning interval for the RO membrane in the OCWD GWR System. This system consists of 15 individual 5 million gallon per day rated RO units. The purpose of the analysis was to determine the optimum interval of operation between CIP cleanings in a year, bas...

This paper presents the results of various RO membranes that have been tested at West Basin in 5,000 hour qualifications trials. The fouling nature of the sourcewater results in a marked difference In performance of diffent RO membranes. The protocol that was used to identify the membranes that would perform better on this water source is present...

This presentaiton will provide an overview of the types of fouling that affect spiral wound membranes. Details of fouling and scaling are investigated as well as how to develop appropriate cleaning criteria. Chemicals used to clean membranes and safety considerations are coverd as well....

The presentation presents a summary and timeline for the Statkraft FO PRO prototype/pilot facility in Norway including proposed environmental studies....

The Tejon Ranch in California needed a wastewater treatment system to provide 100% reuse of the effluent. They decided to pilot test an MBR for ease of operation and reuse potential. After pilot testing determined MBR was a feasible technology they worked directly with the MBR suppliers to determine the best choice for them. The Owners chose an Env...

The use of antiscalant to optimize energy recovery and boron removal at Larnaca Desal Plant is presented. The plant consists of two stage RO which is operated at elevate pH to enhance boron removal. This paper decribes field trials to optimize antiscalant dosage....

Spreadsheet based data analysis tools have been provided by RO membrane manufacturers for years. These tools have been cumbersome and have limited power. Because off the advanced computer based SCADA systems we have today and stand alone software has been developed for real time data evaluation....

Low pressure RO membranes have been designed effectively to treat brackish water with low TDS (Below 2000 mg/L). As the salinity increases the salt passage increases in a non linear pattern because of the high salt concentration at the membrane surface. Because of this phenomena, it is important for low pressure ROP systems to be carefully designed...

The upgrade of an airplane parts manufacturing wastewater treatment plant is presented. The objective of the upgrade was to provide greater that 75% reduction in water use. The plant contains heavy metals from metal cutting, cleaning and plating operations. A combined submerged UF nad RO treament system was used to meet the treatment obectives....

This is a general overview of the role that the Bureau of Reclamation has played in developing water sources in the American West. As the second largest hydroelectirc power producer in the US, the Bureau works with the Army, DOE and DOI to develop green renewable energy sources including solar, wind, and hydro. They will be tracking developments ...

This presentation provides insight into the activities of the Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy including mission, organization, budget, funding, and funding opportunities. Energy sources under investigation and development include: solar, wind, geothermal, biomass, hydro, ocean and tidal and fuel cells. The Office and DOE mission ...

Transparent exopolymer particles (TEP) have been associated with biological fouling in reverse osmosis (RO) systems, but their impact on ultrafiltration (UF) systems have only been investigated recently. TEP are very sticky substances and may serve as a binding agent for rejected particles and aid their adhesion to membrane surfaces during dead-end...

Ultrafiltration (UF) is gradually being established as the technology of choice for seawater reverse osmosis (SWRO) pretreatment due to the production of consistent high quality RO feed and small footprint, among others. This study focused on the effect of different coagulation conditions and modes of application on UF performance, both in terms o...

Reverse osmosis (RO) membrane desalting is a leading technology for the production of potable water from saline water. Water production cost in a typical RO desalination plant consists of the cost of energy, equipment, membranes, labor, maintenance, chemicals, brine management, and financial charges. The energy consumption per volume of produced pe...

An experimental optimization-based control strategy was developed and experimentally implemented on a reverse osmosis (RO) membrane desalination system. First, a dynamic non-linear model of the system was derived using mass and energy balances. Next, this model was combined with a model for system specific energy consumption. After the model parame...

RO desalination of brackish water in the San Joaquin Valley may be feasible only at high recoveries that may be achieved through the use of a two-stage RO process with inter-stage demineralization of scale precursors. In the present work, the concentrated brine from a pilot RO system operating in the San Joaquin Valley was demineralized by seeded g...

Only a very short abstract was provided; not enough to develop a summary!...

High recovery Reverse osmosis (RO) membrane desalination of inland brackish water sources has been pursued in various regions of the world as a potential approach to generating new water supplies. However, high recovery membrane desalination is often limited by membrane mineral scaling of sparingly soluble mineral salts. Membrane mineral scaling si...

A new RO rapid desalting evaluation system is used to demonstrate performance of RO membranes for treatment of inland water. A unique mini module system combined with an external scale monitor allows for rapid detection of scale formation. The pretreatment scheme was then adjusted to optimize antiscalant dosage and RO performace was measured. This ...

Both biofilm and inorganic scale adversely effect RO membrane performance. This study evaluates the kinetics of qypsum crystallization in the presence of a biofilm. The presence of the biofilm wass shown to accelerate the formation of the gypsum scale on the membrane....

Thin-film composite polyamide membrane has been the dominant membrane used for reverse osmosis and nanofiltration since its development by Cadotte and co-workers. However, in inland brackish water desalination (including desalting of treated municipal wastewater), fouling (due to both inorganic salt scaling and organic fouling) of RO/NF membranes p...

Increased use of engineerd nanomaterials (ENMs) will result in a corresponding increas in surface waters. This study evaluates chemical pretreatment followed by sedimentations and membrane filtration for optimum removal performance. A variety of chemical coagulants were evaluated at different pH levels to identify maximum removal of the ENMs....

The presentation provides a brief history of membrane separation research....

This presentation will describe what is known about the presence of iodide and bromide in seawater and brackish desalted permeate produced by reverse osmosis (RO) water treatment plants. The presentation will also explore the amount of iodinated DBPs formed in desalinated seawater and brackish permeate streams produced from RO water treatment plant...

New membranes with lotrophic liquid crystal (LLC) polymers have superior performance for desalination. The LLC membrane has a more uniform pore distribution and an inherent resistance to chlorine and biological fouling The new membrane and plans for enhancement to reduce manufacturing cost are discussed....

Reverse osmosis (RO) membrane desalination may be employed as a technically feasible treatment process for brackish water (BW) sources, but the product recovery ratio for inland BWRO applications is typically from 75-90%. The economic and environmental costs of concentrate disposal significantly limit the development of inland RO applications. Thus...

After 51 years of operation The Irsch WTP (Germany) had become complicated to operate and was not meeting filtrate requirements. Pilot testing of two UF membrane configurations was performed to determine the best option for the facility. Option 1 treatment included sand filter/calcium carbonate filter/ UF membrane. Option 2 included Coagulation/UF ...

The preparation of novel organic-inorganic composite membranes with controlled properties has been a point of considerable interest over the last decade. In this study, 5% weight fractions of Al2O3 and ZrO2 entrapped polyethersulfone (PES) ultrafiltration membranes were prepared by the phase inversion method and applied to activated sludge filtrati...

Energy recovery devices are commonly used in seawater RO facilities. A new technology has been developed to integrate the pump and the energy recovery device. This technology dramatically reduces energy costs from 10-70%. This can make Seawater RO a more cost effective alternative water source....

Wastewater from a petroleum refinery is conventionally treated with DAF, activated sludge, and two stages of clarification before being discharged to the environment. Rather than discharging the waste to the environment MF membranes and RO membranes were added to the treatment train in order to reuse the wastewater for boiler make-up and other refi...

Ceramic membranes combines with PAC can be an effective method at removing TOC; this reducing DBPs and controlling taste and odor issues. A pilot using a ceramic membrane included pretreatment with PAC and coagulant. The pretreatment resulted in a TOC removal of up to 80%....

The reduction of pH with acid is commonly used to prevent inorganic salts from scaling RO membranes. Because there is not yet available a proven anti-scalant to effectively inhibit calcium phosphate scaling, West basin doses sulfuric acid to a pH of 6.3 before the RO membranes. Rising costs of acid have led to the need for an optimization of acid u...