The presentation summarizes various methods for financing desalination infrastructure projects including traditional design-bid-build, construction management, design-build, engineer procurement construction "at risk", design-build-operate, build-own-operate-transfer, and build-own-operate....

Ammonium perchlorate, a chemical used primarily as a rocket fuel or propellant, has been detected in a growing number of ground water sources in California and at least 14 other states. Perchlorate has adverse health impacts even at very low concentrations (1 ppb to 4 ppb).Three treatment technologies are considered effective treatment. Ion exchang...

This presentation cover the selection process for a wide variety of membrane system applications including seawater, brackish water, energy recovery systems, and low pressure pretreatment. Introduced are candidate steels based on PRE testing, the strength of various alloys. Past experiences and corrosion failures are discussed by site locations in...

This presentation starts by discussing and clarifying treatment plant objectives and what is really required. From there it provides useful parameter suggestions for water source, pretreatment, calculated monitoring and post treatment processes. The presentation also calls out the difference between critical parameters and secondary suggestions....

Paper presents an overview of RO and NF membrane processes and fouling, describing biofouling, how to apply forensic methods, including membrane autopsy methods to determine the extent of fouling, as well as how to design and operate plants to avoid fouling. Analytical method applied include loss on ignitian, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), tar...

Operation and maintenance experience of three different energy recovery systems at the seawater RO plant at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba....

A review of 40 years of seawater desalination at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba....

This presentation summarizes existing and proposed seawater desalination facilities in California and describing efforts to coordinate various regulatory requirements applicable to most of these facilities. It also describes policies of the California Coastal Act and how these policies are likely to apply to various types of desalination proposals....

This presentation considers regulatory issues regarding seawater/ocean desalination in California, including past projects, role of California Dept of Health Services (now called Dept of Public Health), permits required by various agencies, applicable agency documents and rules, pathogen removal, emerging contaminants and boron, and piloting....

This excellent presentation covers the reduction of RO brine for inland desalination facilities. It starts by covering the basic drivers and recovery issues and then moves on to discuss the benefits of high recovery and the various concentrate disposal methods including conventional and emerging. The presentation then moves to discuss the USBR proj...

Paper gives a decision matrix to determine the best method of concentrate disposal for a particular region....

Overview of the preliminary work of the Affordable Desal Coalition to prove the reliability and affordability of seawater reverse osmosis....

The PowerPoint presentation reviews concentrate disposal methods for reverse osmosis facilities in the United States...

Paper compares reverse osmosis (RO) rejection of total dissolved solids (TDS) and boron for three high rejection membranes treating estuarial feed and evaluate the requirements for a partial second pass to meet permeate TDS and boron requirements to meet WHO guidelines. The evaluation also considers the impact of pH, recovery and feed water ion mix...

Discusses a decision model to determine the best treatment process for the City of Oxnard, CA's groundwater recharge process utilizing secondary effluent....

Presentation summarizes pilot program and planning for future development of two-step nanofiltration-nanofiltration (NF-NF) process to desalination ocean/seawater. In 2005 38% of their potable water was provided from groundwater sources and 42% imported aquifer water. By 2015 they plan to have 10% provided by desalinated water. Planned benefits of ...

The paper describes a treatment evaluation which lead to constructing a membrane bioreactor (MBR). The City of Redlands (California) Municipal Utilities Department considered options and implemented an MBR at a conventional municipal wastewater plant to upgrade and meet both the State of California permit requirements and the needs of the electrica...

Study to evaluate SW desal in the City of Santa Cruz, CA. Study to determine best options for pretreatment and concentrate. Plant proposed to help drought proof the region's water supply....

Paper compares pilot performance of NF and ultra low pressure RO (ULPRO) membranes in terms of rejection (TOC, and nutrients (NH3 and NO3-), conductivity, and selected trace organics), as well as operational performance (specific flux, and flux decline due to fouling) while treating nitrified and non-nitrified municipal effluent with an Integrated ...

Presentation summarizes two large seawater/ocean RO desalination projects, which at the time were among the five largest worldwide: 45 MGD (170,500 m3/D) Fujairah in UAE and 38 MGD (143,700 m3/D) Perth, Australia. Fujairrah is a hybrid RO and thermal, multistage flash (MSF) desalination plant that includes brackish water (BW) and seawater (SW) RO. ...

Presentation summarizes a solar desalination pilot program....

Review of the seawater RO plants at Point Lisas, Trinidad....

Presentation summarizes the Eastern Municipal Water District of California's desalination program, focusing on concentrate/brine handling and processing methods, including discussion of Zero Liquid Discharge (ZLD) methods and brine reduction programs....

Discusses models used to determine the impact of discharge of SW RO concentrate on surrounding waters at the Carlsbad, CA SW RO plant....

Paper summarizes the largest retrofit of conventional granular media filters with low pressure membranes in the world. City of Thornton, CO, conducted pilot testing of five microfiltration MF) or ultrafiltration (MF) membrane systems for a retrofit of membranes into a conventional granular media surface water treatment plant. Subsequently a UF sys...

Paper presents technologies used to chemically treat RO systems and prevent scaling. Topics include methods to remove suspended solids and colloidal material, control methods to prevent biofouling and scaling by sparingly soluble salts. Discussion includes theory, thermodynamics and kinetics of crystallization of typical scale forming salts, such ...

Case studies of inland concentrate disposal including costs and feasibility assessments....

Survey of literature and installed desalination plants regarding concentrate disposal practices....

Case study to present the pros and cons of using well water in aerobic v anaerobic forms....

The presentation summarizes alternative project delivery methods for membrane technology-based desalination water treatment plants. Alternative delivery methods and related risks including design-build, design-build-operate and design-build-finance-operate are compared to traditional design-bid-build....

Case study of how the City of Goodyear, AZ used fast track design build to develop an RO system to treat their high nitrate groundwater....

Carlsbad, CA SW pilot study to evaluate various pretreatment schemes....

Presentation summarizes two large seawater/ocean RO facilities in Israel: 17 MGD Larnaca and 86 MGD Ashkelon, the largest one in the world. Discussion includes energy recovery and energy consumption, plant availability (99.27%), desalinated water quality for chloride and boron, and design issues....

Fouling study on an existing nanofiltration plant to reduce concentrate volumes for cost savings....

Case study of 2 plants at Irvine Ranch Water District. Lessons learned and different approaches taken for each unique water source....

Discussion of concentrate disposal handling for desalination RO facilities....

Paper summarizes a pilot program that was conducted for Marin Municipal Water District (MMWD) on San Francisco Bay, California water. The seawater RO desalination pilot program compared two pretreatment technologies: 1. Conventional Pretreatment with coagulation, clarification, and granular media filtration to 2. Membrane Filtration with microfiltr...

Operational challenges and solutions for an NF plant with high iron feed water....

Pilot study to optimize recovery with various anti-scalants at the Kay Bailey Hutchinson desal plant in El Paso, TX....

Paper presents graphs, equations, and case studies to demonstrate how to operate RO water treatment facilities, what data to collect and trend, and how to apply that information to successful full scale plant operations....

Discussion of the development of large diameter seawater elements (18")....

Remote monitoring via Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) of ultrafiltration (UF) is discussed as a tool for gathering system production and performance statistics, monitoring systems for tampering or attack and to diagnose process and equipment problems early before they become catastrophic or cause equipment damage. Remote monitoring...

Secure, remote access of plant data to monitor plant operation....

Evaluation of co-locating a SW desal plant with an existing power plant in Los Angeles. Study to look at UF pretreatment. Goal to minimize costs and environmental impacts....

Study to evaluate SW desal in Marin County, CA. Study to determine best options for highly variable feed of San Francisco Bay. Environmental studies also being conducted both on intake and concentrate....

Pilot testing at MWD in CA to evaluate large diameter elements, disinfection processes and concentrate recovery....

Summarizes survey of brine and concentrate handling and disposal methods at inland desalination WTP's across the USA. Methods include surface discharge, sewer discharge, subservice injection, evaporation ponds, land application, and recycling. Number and capacities of actual facilities are presented....

Study to evaluate SW desal in Dana Point, CA to help drought proof region's water supply which is 95% imported water....

This paper describes two major reuse projects that apply ultrafiltration (UF): one in Melbourne, Australia and one in Kuwait. In both the feed source is secondary municipal effluent from an activated sludge process, and the reclaimed water is used for non-potable applications (mainly irrigation water). ? However both projects differ in a number of ...

Use of a land side permeable pit as a SW intake source in Curacao...

This guidebook summarizes membrane desalination technology including reverse osmosis (RO), nanofiltration (NF), and hybrid systems. Discussion includes both capital and operating costs as well as lists of full scale example projects....

Overview of three projects Poseidon is working on: Carlsbad, Huntington Beach and Moss Landing - all in California....

With the commissioning of the30 UK-MGD (135,000 m3/d) Tuas Desalination Plant in September 2005, seawater/ocean desalination via reverse osmosis (RO) has become the 4th Tap for a diversified water supply system in Singapore, providing about 10% of the source water. The other three are: local surface water, imported surface water, and reclaimed wate...

Discussion of Volume Insert Pumps for seawater desalination service. Combination of devices to improve efficiencies and reduce energy consumption....

This presentation summarizes the major environmental compliance steps necessary for the successful permitting/approval of seawater desalination facilities, with an emphasis on desalination plants to be co-located with power generating facilities in California....

Overview on methods for disposal of concentrate / brine from seawater desalination facilities, including open outfalls, beach discharge, subsurface / deep well injection, evaporation ponds, and examples in California and Florida....

The Bureau of Reclamation has released (November, 2005) sixteen projects and dedicated millions of dollars to national desalination research investigating issues such as slant well technology, electrocoagulation pretreatment, zero-liquid discharge and wind powered desalination. This paper provides background on initiatives such as Water 2025 and Pr...

Post-treatment of desalinated water using calcite contactors....

The paper considers basic aspects of seawater reverse osmosis (SWRO) process design, from source acquisition to post-treatment. Consideration is given to surface vs. beach wells/collector systems; pretreatment needs and possible pitfalls; membrane system process design, including pump selection, energy recovery, flux, and staging. The effect of tem...

Presentation summarizes the seawater/ocean desalination project being implemented in San Diego County, California with desalination projected to provide 89,600 af/y (10%) of their water by 2020 via a 50 mgd regional project at the Encina Power Station in Carlsbad. Presentation includes 2012 to 202 costs of about $1000 - $1200/ac-ft (not including ...

Presentation summarizes modeling of dilution and blending of concentrate/brine from RO desalination facilities into receiving waters, focusing on California examples....

This presentation covers the cleaning of MF/UF systems as well as Reverse osmosis and nanofiltration systems. The first half covers the low pressure systems and discusses backwashes, chemical washes and clean in place methods of membrane cleaning. The second half covers RO.NF spiral wound membrane systems and discusses clean in place methods. It co...

Case study of the Chino I and Chino II Desalters with high nitrate feedwater. Plants use a combination of RO and ion exchange to treat the nitrates....

Paper presents experience with low pressure membrane microfiltration (MF) of seawater as pretreatment for RO desalination, including discussion of seawater intake systems and their effect on the pretreatment design, ways to maximize the performance of a low pressure membrane system and the issues involved in measuring Feed Fouling Index (FFI) and S...

This presentation introduces the various cast versions of duplex and super austenitic stainless steels including their typical PREN values. Discussion focused on various ATSM test methods including G48, A923 and NaOH Etch testing as well as Charpy Impact Testing. The presentation ends with a visual representation of the investment casting process....

This presentation discusses fact to consider when selecting stainless steel piping for brackish membrane systems. It covers typical brackish water environments, the types of corrosion that can occur and the influence of alloy testing on performance. PREn testing is covered on all major grades of duplex and austenitic piping. Performance prediction ...

Paper discusses the unique seawater applications and research in Japan....

This paper provides a brief overview of the importance of data collection and focus operation and communication as it pertains to consistent membrane plant operation. It covers the importance of TDS, SDI and microbes and also provides some basic troubleshooting advice....

Study to evaluate fouling performance of ultralow pressure RO and NF....

This excellent presentation covers all the basics concerning reverse osmosis system operation. Starting from pretreatment, it covers the physical state f water including dissolved substances, solubility of limiting salts, langelier saturation, scale and silt density. Other areas also include concentration polarization and all the various types of m...

Presentation describes a electrodialysis (ED) method, sometimes called electrodialysis metathesis (EDM), for reducing concentrate/brine discharge from reverse osmosis (RO) desalination water treatment plants....

Fouling study for a seawater plant using advanced analytical tools v SDI testing alone....

Paper discusses variety of pretreatment methods used over 25 years with seawater RO plants....

Overview of pretreatment requirements for brackish and seawater reverse osmosis systems....

Summarizes a desalination pond designed for a desalination project in California....

West Basin Municipal Water District, California (which is located in southern Los Angeles County) is planning to construct a 0.5 MGD ocean/seawater reverse osmosis (RO) desalination demonstration facility as part of planning/preparing to ultimately develop a 20 to 40 MGD RO desalination facility to augment other water sources including their existi...

Presents data and comparison of performance of MBR and teriary treatment options for wastewater prior to RO....

Summarizes brine concentrating methods tested at California desalination projects, including thermal/mechanical/solar evaporators....

This is a general presentation that discusses the microfiltration and ultrafiltration process. It covers common terms, key parameters, separation mechanisms and factors influencing membrane selection. Also discusses are fouling mechanisms and how to best combat them....

The paper summarizes steps taken to evaluate the feasibility of water reclamation, recycling, reuse in two industrial case studies utilizing membrane bioreactor (MBR) technology....

This is an excellent presentation on the basics of reverse osmosis and nanofiltration technologies. It covers everything from the initial filtration spectrum including pressure and applications though to system layout and applications. In addition is also discusses in detail the RO and Nanofiltration process, rules of thumb for application and the ...