The mission of the Cumberland County Improvement Authority (“The Authority”) is to develop projects which are integral to the economic and environmental sustainability of Cumberland County. To further this goal, in 2018 Energy Power Partners (EPP) identified an opportunity to use previously wasted heat from its existing LFG to Energy Plant to e...

The mission of the Cumberland County Improvement Authority (“The Authority”) is to develop projects which are integral to the economic and environmental sustainability of Cumberland County. To further this goal, in 2018 Energy Power Partners (EPP) identified an opportunity to use previously wasted heat from its existing LFG to Energy Plant to e...

As part of compliance requirements, a new pharmaceutical assay production facility in Shanghai, China, owned and operated by a major multinational pharmaceutical company, was required to implement a zero liquid discharge (ZLD) wastewater treatment system. The ZLD system incorporates high-pressure reverse osmosis (RO) with permeate RO polishing and ...

As part of compliance requirements, a new pharmaceutical assay production facility in Shanghai, China, owned and operated by a major multinational pharmaceutical company, was required to implement a zero liquid discharge (ZLD) wastewater treatment system. The ZLD system incorporates high-pressure reverse osmosis (RO) with permeate RO polishing and ...

Rancho California Water District (Rancho Water/District) in Temecula, California has been investigating options for a groundwater injection indirect potable reuse (IPR) project to provide a locally controlled, drought-resistant supply that decreases salt loading to the groundwater basin. The largest hurdle for this inland water agency is the dispos...

Rancho California Water District (Rancho Water/District) in Temecula, California has been investigating options for a groundwater injection indirect potable reuse (IPR) project to provide a locally controlled, drought-resistant supply that decreases salt loading to the groundwater basin. The largest hurdle for this inland water agency is the dispos...

The Santa Clarita Valley Sanitation District of Los Angeles County (SCVSD) provides wastewater conveyance and treatment for residential, commercial, and industrial users in theSanta Clarita Valley. The SCVSD sewage system consists of an interconnected network of approximately 42 miles of trunk sewers, one pumping plant, and two interconnected water...

The Santa Clarita Valley Sanitation District of Los Angeles County (SCVSD) provides wastewater conveyance and treatment for residential, commercial, and industrial users in theSanta Clarita Valley. The SCVSD sewage system consists of an interconnected network of approximately 42 miles of trunk sewers, one pumping plant, and two interconnected water...

Approaching 40 years in service, this 300,000 gpd, aging water treatment plant needed major upgrades. The existing treatment process consisted of an up-flow lime softening system for hardness, dual media filtration, packed tower aeration, GAC absorption, and disinfection. Source water for the plant provided by three wells is classified as groundwat...

Approaching 40 years in service, this 300,000 gpd, aging water treatment plant needed major upgrades. The existing treatment process consisted of an up-flow lime softening system for hardness, dual media filtration, packed tower aeration, GAC absorption, and disinfection. Source water for the plant provided by three wells is classified as groundwat...

The City of Los Angeles (City) is implementing various strategies for developing a sustainable, local water supply portfolio. One of the key strategies includes a potential potable reuse project sourced from the Los Angeles-Glendale (LAG) Water Reclamation Plant (WRP), with purified water delivered directly to the potable water distribution system ...

The City of Los Angeles (City) is implementing various strategies for developing a sustainable, local water supply portfolio. One of the key strategies includes a potential potable reuse project sourced from the Los Angeles-Glendale (LAG) Water Reclamation Plant (WRP), with purified water delivered directly to the potable water distribution system ...

Direct potable reuse is now being considered a feasible opportunity and has the attention of many. Global warming, climate change, and drought has made water scarcity a top of mind issue for many communities across the country. Water scarcity is not a new challenge for communities, yet a long standing problem. While non-potable reuse is not a new c...

Direct potable reuse is now being considered a feasible opportunity and has the attention of many. Global warming, climate change, and drought has made water scarcity a top of mind issue for many communities across the country. Water scarcity is not a new challenge for communities, yet a long standing problem. While non-potable reuse is not a new c...

In many potable reuse projects, we largely rely on traditional control logics along with the conservative set points to take a unit process or entire treatment train offline to prevent the public consumption of unsafe water. While it represents a safe solution, it does not necessarily reflect the best management strategy due to potential losses of ...

In many potable reuse projects, we largely rely on traditional control logics along with the conservative set points to take a unit process or entire treatment train offline to prevent the public consumption of unsafe water. While it represents a safe solution, it does not necessarily reflect the best management strategy due to potential losses of ...

In this study, guidance is provided for applying microfiltration (MF) and ultrafiltration (UF) membranes to treat full-scale granular media filter (GMF) backwash water at drinking water plants. An example from the City of Melbourne in Florida is presented with the current approach to backwash water management at the full-scale along with a proposed...

In this study, guidance is provided for applying microfiltration (MF) and ultrafiltration (UF) membranes to treat full-scale granular media filter (GMF) backwash water at drinking water plants. An example from the City of Melbourne in Florida is presented with the current approach to backwash water management at the full-scale along with a proposed...

Surface waters contain inorganic and organic particulate substances that need to be addressed and potentially reduced for drinking water production. Inorganic particulate constituents are amongst others clay, silt and minerals. Organic particulate substances can include microorganism like viruses, bacteria and protozoa. One of the major problems of...

Surface waters contain inorganic and organic particulate substances that need to be addressed and potentially reduced for drinking water production. Inorganic particulate constituents are amongst others clay, silt and minerals. Organic particulate substances can include microorganism like viruses, bacteria and protozoa. One of the major problems of...

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Increasing regulatory requirements and disposal costs around the world, as well as ESG mandates and incentives for recycling, are prompting industries to reduce their water and energy footprint, and highlight a growing need for innovation in reverse osmosis (RO) technology. Historically, it was challenging for conventional RO technologies to achiev...

Increasing regulatory requirements and disposal costs around the world, as well as ESG mandates and incentives for recycling, are prompting industries to reduce their water and energy footprint, and highlight a growing need for innovation in reverse osmosis (RO) technology. Historically, it was challenging for conventional RO technologies to achiev...

The current ~1,200 psi environment for membrane desalination and concentration was established at the turn of the millennium. At that time, system recovery was limited by the operating range of RO membranes, which could handle a maximum brine TDS of ~90,000 ppm. However, demand for higher RO pressures to address feed salinity and concentration requ...

The current ~1,200 psi environment for membrane desalination and concentration was established at the turn of the millennium. At that time, system recovery was limited by the operating range of RO membranes, which could handle a maximum brine TDS of ~90,000 ppm. However, demand for higher RO pressures to address feed salinity and concentration requ...

The Twin Oaks Valley Water Treatment Plant (TOVWTP), located in northern San Diego County, is owned by the San Diego County Water Authority (SDCWA) and operated and maintained by Jacobs under a 15-year contract with SDCWA whose term began in 2008 with plant start-up. TOVWTP, with a rated capacity of 100 million gallons per day (mgd), comprises the ...

The Twin Oaks Valley Water Treatment Plant (TOVWTP), located in northern San Diego County, is owned by the San Diego County Water Authority (SDCWA) and operated and maintained by Jacobs under a 15-year contract with SDCWA whose term began in 2008 with plant start-up. TOVWTP, with a rated capacity of 100 million gallons per day (mgd), comprises the ...

The Quinns Junction Water Treatment Plant (QJWTP) is located in Park City, Utah. The facility was constructed in 2012 by Carollo Engineering and upgrades discussed in this paper were designed by Jacobs Engineering. It was designed with an original capacity of 3.0 MGD with a full build-out capacity of 9 MGD. The plant treats water from the Weber Riv...

The Quinns Junction Water Treatment Plant (QJWTP) is located in Park City, Utah. The facility was constructed in 2012 by Carollo Engineering and upgrades discussed in this paper were designed by Jacobs Engineering. It was designed with an original capacity of 3.0 MGD with a full build-out capacity of 9 MGD. The plant treats water from the Weber Riv...

The use of magnetic fields to cause changes in the properties of aqueous media presents new opportunities for improving the performance of membrane systems. Many promising, and possibly paradigm shifting, results have been obtained in this area indicating that ion (Szczes, Chibowski et al. 2011, Otero, Rodriguez et al. 2018) and water (Holysz, Szcz...

The use of magnetic fields to cause changes in the properties of aqueous media presents new opportunities for improving the performance of membrane systems. Many promising, and possibly paradigm shifting, results have been obtained in this area indicating that ion (Szczes, Chibowski et al. 2011, Otero, Rodriguez et al. 2018) and water (Holysz, Szcz...

Water scarcity, which was thought to be a problem for the distant future, is fast becoming a reality in parts of the United States and the world. Climate change, coupled with increased demand for potable water from urbanization and population growth, have brought the issue of water scarcity to the forefront of immediate concerns worldwide (Lahnstei...

Water scarcity, which was thought to be a problem for the distant future, is fast becoming a reality in parts of the United States and the world. Climate change, coupled with increased demand for potable water from urbanization and population growth, have brought the issue of water scarcity to the forefront of immediate concerns worldwide (Lahnstei...

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Fiber breakage continues to be a problem for low-pressure membrane systems in drinking water plants. Not only do membrane integrity issues increase the risk of pathogens in the potable water supply, but integrity test failures mean less capacity, solids in the backwash water – which could cause irreversible fouling – and higher disinfection cos...

Fiber breakage continues to be a problem for low-pressure membrane systems in drinking water plants. Not only do membrane integrity issues increase the risk of pathogens in the potable water supply, but integrity test failures mean less capacity, solids in the backwash water – which could cause irreversible fouling – and higher disinfection cos...

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The City of Boynton Beach operates the West WTP, which is one of the first membrane softening plants in the United States. This WTP has been in operation since 1986 and treats surficial aquifer groundwater using six Nanofiltration (NF) skids each producing 1.45 mgd permeate. The WTP has experienced increased particulate loading. This paper presents...

The City of Boynton Beach operates the West WTP, which is one of the first membrane softening plants in the United States. This WTP has been in operation since 1986 and treats surficial aquifer groundwater using six Nanofiltration (NF) skids each producing 1.45 mgd permeate. The WTP has experienced increased particulate loading. This paper presents...

The use of chloramines has become a standard pretreatment method for biofouling control in water reuse RO. When used in the 2 - 3 ppm range, chloramines have been known to cause only minimal losses in salt rejection, and the benefits are generally believed to far outweigh the risks. However, in recent years, significant irreversible declines in per...

The use of chloramines has become a standard pretreatment method for biofouling control in water reuse RO. When used in the 2 - 3 ppm range, chloramines have been known to cause only minimal losses in salt rejection, and the benefits are generally believed to far outweigh the risks. However, in recent years, significant irreversible declines in per...

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s (USEPA) Lead and Copper Rule (LCR) Revisions, which took effect on December 16, 2021, has motivated utilities to study their finished water corrosivity within their distribution systems. The City of Sarasota Utilities Department (City) retained the University of Central Florida, through the Department of...

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s (USEPA) Lead and Copper Rule (LCR) Revisions, which took effect on December 16, 2021, has motivated utilities to study their finished water corrosivity within their distribution systems. The City of Sarasota Utilities Department (City) retained the University of Central Florida, through the Department of...

Climate change impacts, such as higher average temperatures and prolong drought conditions, have affected regional and local water supply reliability. The City of Santa Monica has long been a leader in promoting sustainability and is implementing several innovative water supply projects that leverages membrane technologies to develop alternative wa...

Climate change impacts, such as higher average temperatures and prolong drought conditions, have affected regional and local water supply reliability. The City of Santa Monica has long been a leader in promoting sustainability and is implementing several innovative water supply projects that leverages membrane technologies to develop alternative wa...

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An engine manufacturer enacted a number of sustainability goals, one of which was 90% wastewater reuse. One facility in the northeast United States implemented a ceramic ultrafiltration system in 2019 to reduce labor intensity, free up footprint, and improve life cycle costs versus a polymeric ultrafiltration system. The ceramic ultrafiltration sys...

An engine manufacturer enacted a number of sustainability goals, one of which was 90% wastewater reuse. One facility in the northeast United States implemented a ceramic ultrafiltration system in 2019 to reduce labor intensity, free up footprint, and improve life cycle costs versus a polymeric ultrafiltration system. The ceramic ultrafiltration sys...

While its well-known Reverse Osmosis membranes were developed in the early 1960s and commercialized in the 1970s, it may be surprising to learn the first MBR system was also introduced in the 1960s. The first MBR patent was assigned to Dorr-Oliver in 1968, where the membrane treated a side-stream portion of the mixed liquor, see Figure 1 below. Iss...

While its well-known Reverse Osmosis membranes were developed in the early 1960s and commercialized in the 1970s, it may be surprising to learn the first MBR system was also introduced in the 1960s. The first MBR patent was assigned to Dorr-Oliver in 1968, where the membrane treated a side-stream portion of the mixed liquor, see Figure 1 below. Iss...

The Cave Creek Water Reclamation Plant (CCWRP) is one of three wastewater treatment facilities either owned or co-owned by the City of Phoenix (City). The 8 mgd facility was placed in operation in 2002 but was taken offline in 2009 due to slower than anticipated growth in the surrounding area. Due to resumed growth, the City authorized Black & Veat...

The Cave Creek Water Reclamation Plant (CCWRP) is one of three wastewater treatment facilities either owned or co-owned by the City of Phoenix (City). The 8 mgd facility was placed in operation in 2002 but was taken offline in 2009 due to slower than anticipated growth in the surrounding area. Due to resumed growth, the City authorized Black & Veat...

Since 1953, Halifax County Service Authority (HCSA) has treated the Dan River using flocculation, sedimentation, and conventional sand filtration at their Leigh Street Water Treatment Plant. HCSA is interested in replacing the existing sand filtration system with ultrafiltration (UF) membranes to provide consistent, high quality drinking water for ...

Since 1953, Halifax County Service Authority (HCSA) has treated the Dan River using flocculation, sedimentation, and conventional sand filtration at their Leigh Street Water Treatment Plant. HCSA is interested in replacing the existing sand filtration system with ultrafiltration (UF) membranes to provide consistent, high quality drinking water for ...

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The City of Santa Monica has limited additional local water supplies available and is seeking the most cost-effective and sustainable technology capable of squeezing as much production as possible from the existing Arcadia Water Treatment Plant. Between June to December 2020, two high-recovery reverse osmosis technologies were piloted simultaneousl...

The City of Santa Monica has limited additional local water supplies available and is seeking the most cost-effective and sustainable technology capable of squeezing as much production as possible from the existing Arcadia Water Treatment Plant. Between June to December 2020, two high-recovery reverse osmosis technologies were piloted simultaneousl...

Energy recovery technologies such as the pressure exchanger (PX), have previously focused on seawater RO applications due to the rather quick payback. This leaves brackish water RO (BWRO) facilities to turbochargers that yield less efficient transfer of energy than their PX counterparts. Recently, the first municipal BRWO application of a PX energy...

Energy recovery technologies such as the pressure exchanger (PX), have previously focused on seawater RO applications due to the rather quick payback. This leaves brackish water RO (BWRO) facilities to turbochargers that yield less efficient transfer of energy than their PX counterparts. Recently, the first municipal BRWO application of a PX energy...

The City of Brandon, Manitoba, along with CH2M (a wholly owned subsidiary of Jacobs Engineering Group), is currently completing the design for an upgrade to the City’s existing lime softening water treatment facility using a dual membrane treatment process (ultrafiltration followed by nanofiltration). The existing facility requires additional tre...

The City of Brandon, Manitoba, along with CH2M (a wholly owned subsidiary of Jacobs Engineering Group), is currently completing the design for an upgrade to the City’s existing lime softening water treatment facility using a dual membrane treatment process (ultrafiltration followed by nanofiltration). The existing facility requires additional tre...

The increasing urgency of the water scarcity disaster that the world faces is broadening the application of new membrane technologies to more challenging water sources, but the notable absence of new membrane materials and products is limiting the success of those efforts. The polyamide thin film composite (PA-TFC) membrane originally developed by ...

The increasing urgency of the water scarcity disaster that the world faces is broadening the application of new membrane technologies to more challenging water sources, but the notable absence of new membrane materials and products is limiting the success of those efforts. The polyamide thin film composite (PA-TFC) membrane originally developed by ...

Effective operation of RO systems is a data-intensive, multivariate, statistical, and preventative maintenance problem. Operators must monitor system’s key performance indicators (KPIs) such as pressures, conductivities, flow rates, permeate and concentrate streams of a given RO membrane unit, let alone an entire system. Data from individual RO m...

Effective operation of RO systems is a data-intensive, multivariate, statistical, and preventative maintenance problem. Operators must monitor system’s key performance indicators (KPIs) such as pressures, conductivities, flow rates, permeate and concentrate streams of a given RO membrane unit, let alone an entire system. Data from individual RO m...

Application of potable water reuse in the U.S. has become more widespread to meet the water demand in areas with increasing population and dwindling water sources. Different treatment trains have been applied to ensure the proper log removals of pathogens and protozoa are met and the water is safe for consumption. Reverse osmosis (RO) and nanofiltr...

Application of potable water reuse in the U.S. has become more widespread to meet the water demand in areas with increasing population and dwindling water sources. Different treatment trains have been applied to ensure the proper log removals of pathogens and protozoa are met and the water is safe for consumption. Reverse osmosis (RO) and nanofiltr...

Advanced treatment trains for potable reuse in California are required to demonstrate high log removal values (LRVs) for Giardia, Cryptosporidium, and enteric viruses. Reverse osmosis (RO) is a key treatment step that contributes to the total required LRV credits. The RO system at the Orange County Water District (OCWD) Groundwater Replenishment Sy...

Advanced treatment trains for potable reuse in California are required to demonstrate high log removal values (LRVs) for Giardia, Cryptosporidium, and enteric viruses. Reverse osmosis (RO) is a key treatment step that contributes to the total required LRV credits. The RO system at the Orange County Water District (OCWD) Groundwater Replenishment Sy...

California and other states are developing direct potable reuse (DPR) regulations and/or guidelines with high pathogen log removal value (LRV) requirements and in California reverse osmosis is required as one of the advanced treatment processes. Results from two full scale facilities that were part of the Water Research Foundation (WRF) 4958 projec...

California and other states are developing direct potable reuse (DPR) regulations and/or guidelines with high pathogen log removal value (LRV) requirements and in California reverse osmosis is required as one of the advanced treatment processes. Results from two full scale facilities that were part of the Water Research Foundation (WRF) 4958 projec...

In the past 10 years there has been a considerable effort to develop alternative technologies and to modify existing technologies to reduce the costs associated with high recovery processing of municipal and industrial wastewaters. This paper reviews the status of this effort in summarizing the content of a recent Bureau of Reclamation report (Mick...

In the past 10 years there has been a considerable effort to develop alternative technologies and to modify existing technologies to reduce the costs associated with high recovery processing of municipal and industrial wastewaters. This paper reviews the status of this effort in summarizing the content of a recent Bureau of Reclamation report (Mick...

Common methods of managing residuals in drinking water production vary widely and include thickening tanks, drying beds, screw presses, polymer, solids handling and other hardware. These methods are routinely high in labour, chemicals, complexity, footprint and have significant capital & operating costs. This paper will review the operational histo...

Common methods of managing residuals in drinking water production vary widely and include thickening tanks, drying beds, screw presses, polymer, solids handling and other hardware. These methods are routinely high in labour, chemicals, complexity, footprint and have significant capital & operating costs. This paper will review the operational histo...

Herein, we evaluate the performance (i.e., flux and rejection) of commercially-available, thin film composite brackish water RO (BWRO), seawater RO (SWRO) and high-pressure RO (HPRO) membranes operating at pressures from 14 bar (200 psi) to 207 bar (3,000 psi). For each membrane material, we elucidate the impacts to performance using a porous metal...

Herein, we evaluate the performance (i.e., flux and rejection) of commercially-available, thin film composite brackish water RO (BWRO), seawater RO (SWRO) and high-pressure RO (HPRO) membranes operating at pressures from 14 bar (200 psi) to 207 bar (3,000 psi). For each membrane material, we elucidate the impacts to performance using a porous metal...

In this study, four commercially available membranes (NF270, NF90, CR100, and SW30) spanning the loose NF to tight RO separation ranges were investigated for their PFAS rejection performance. The specific focus was devoted to evaluating the removal of perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) in a full-scale closed-circuit desalination (CCD) pilot module operat...

In this study, four commercially available membranes (NF270, NF90, CR100, and SW30) spanning the loose NF to tight RO separation ranges were investigated for their PFAS rejection performance. The specific focus was devoted to evaluating the removal of perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) in a full-scale closed-circuit desalination (CCD) pilot module operat...

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a group of man-made chemicals that have been manufactured and used in a variety of industries around the world since the 1940s. PFAS can be found in food packaging, commercial household products, nonstick products (e.g., Teflon), polishes, waxes, paints, cleaning products, and fire-fighting foams. They...

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a group of man-made chemicals that have been manufactured and used in a variety of industries around the world since the 1940s. PFAS can be found in food packaging, commercial household products, nonstick products (e.g., Teflon), polishes, waxes, paints, cleaning products, and fire-fighting foams. They...

The question of pathogen Log-Removal Value (LRV) credits for the MBR process still looms over next-generation wastewater reuse plants. Based on the Membrane Filtration Guidance Manual, the Pressure Decay Test (PDT) is the benchmark of regulatory compliance for LRV credits from UF systems. The value of the PDT is that it evaluates the integrity of t...

The question of pathogen Log-Removal Value (LRV) credits for the MBR process still looms over next-generation wastewater reuse plants. Based on the Membrane Filtration Guidance Manual, the Pressure Decay Test (PDT) is the benchmark of regulatory compliance for LRV credits from UF systems. The value of the PDT is that it evaluates the integrity of t...

The purpose of this study is to understand virus removal mechanisms prior to the membrane in membrane bioreactors (MBR). This presentation will quantify the mechanisms that contribute to virus removal in MBRs; that is, sludge adsorption and biofilm exclusion. Single strain, labgrown male-specific (MS2) and somatic (T1) coliphages were used as virus...

The purpose of this study is to understand virus removal mechanisms prior to the membrane in membrane bioreactors (MBR). This presentation will quantify the mechanisms that contribute to virus removal in MBRs; that is, sludge adsorption and biofilm exclusion. Single strain, labgrown male-specific (MS2) and somatic (T1) coliphages were used as virus...

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This paper addresses important design considerations for emerging membrane brine concentration processes, with specific focus on osmotically-assisted reverse osmosis (OARO). These processes are assessed on the basis of total cost of water over a range of brine TDS levels. For example, anticipated performance from modeled systems, validated with fie...

This paper addresses important design considerations for emerging membrane brine concentration processes, with specific focus on osmotically-assisted reverse osmosis (OARO). These processes are assessed on the basis of total cost of water over a range of brine TDS levels. For example, anticipated performance from modeled systems, validated with fie...

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Per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are man-made fluorinated compounds of emerging concern in the water industry. PFAS are persistent and stable in the environment due to the strong chemical bond between carbon and fluorine atoms. The City of Greensboro (City) in North Carolina detected PFAS in their finished drinking water as a result of t...

Per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are man-made fluorinated compounds of emerging concern in the water industry. PFAS are persistent and stable in the environment due to the strong chemical bond between carbon and fluorine atoms. The City of Greensboro (City) in North Carolina detected PFAS in their finished drinking water as a result of t...

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) have detrimental impacts on human health and the environment. Reverse osmosis (RO) and nanofiltration (NF) have shown excellent PFAS separation performance in water treatment; however, these membrane systems do not destroy PFAS but produce concentrated residual streams that need to be managed. Complete des...

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) have detrimental impacts on human health and the environment. Reverse osmosis (RO) and nanofiltration (NF) have shown excellent PFAS separation performance in water treatment; however, these membrane systems do not destroy PFAS but produce concentrated residual streams that need to be managed. Complete des...

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The wide variety of water reuse applications has led to an equally wide array of fouling issues which require increasingly tailored solutions. These issues can be detrimental to membrane lifespans and significantly increase operating costs. Determining the causes of fouling issues is the purpose of a membrane autopsy. Membrane autopsies are an inva...

The wide variety of water reuse applications has led to an equally wide array of fouling issues which require increasingly tailored solutions. These issues can be detrimental to membrane lifespans and significantly increase operating costs. Determining the causes of fouling issues is the purpose of a membrane autopsy. Membrane autopsies are an inva...

Water reuse has become an important research topic for water resource and water treatment professionals in recent decades. Water reuse is quickly being accepted as one strategy that can be used to augment limited water supplies for water-stressed regions. There are already several municipalities using potable reuse as a part of their water portfoli...

Water reuse has become an important research topic for water resource and water treatment professionals in recent decades. Water reuse is quickly being accepted as one strategy that can be used to augment limited water supplies for water-stressed regions. There are already several municipalities using potable reuse as a part of their water portfoli...

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Over the past few decades, the use of ultrafiltration (UF) membranes for water treatment and wastewater reuse has increased. However, the accumulation of bacteria on the surface of the membrane and blocking of the pores significantly reduces process productivity. Thus, eliminating biofouling during membrane-based separations is a major challenge. T...

Over the past few decades, the use of ultrafiltration (UF) membranes for water treatment and wastewater reuse has increased. However, the accumulation of bacteria on the surface of the membrane and blocking of the pores significantly reduces process productivity. Thus, eliminating biofouling during membrane-based separations is a major challenge. T...

Brine management is a critical project driver for inland water reuse applications. During a 6 month pilot investigation, EMWD operated a MF/CCRO pilot to demonstrate the viability of this novel treatment train to treat tertiary partially nitrified treated wastewater up to 94% recovery....

Brine management is a critical project driver for inland water reuse applications. During a 6 month pilot investigation, EMWD operated a MF/CCRO pilot to demonstrate the viability of this novel treatment train to treat tertiary partially nitrified treated wastewater up to 94% recovery....

The City of Fargo owns and operates a 15 million gallons per day (MGD) integrated membrane water treatment plant (MWTP), which is the largest and most sophisticated surface water membrane treatment plant in North Dakota, and potentially the upper Midwest. The MWTP has been a demonstration site since it was constructed. Fargo MWTP’s major treatmen...

The City of Fargo owns and operates a 15 million gallons per day (MGD) integrated membrane water treatment plant (MWTP), which is the largest and most sophisticated surface water membrane treatment plant in North Dakota, and potentially the upper Midwest. The MWTP has been a demonstration site since it was constructed. Fargo MWTP’s major treatmen...

The City of New Brunswick owns and operates the largest hollow fiber membrane plant in New Jersey. The plant treats surface water from two sources of supply: the Delaware and Raritan Canal and Lawrence Brook. The original water treatment plant was constructed in the 1916 and consisted of clarification followed by dual media gravity filtration. In t...

The City of New Brunswick owns and operates the largest hollow fiber membrane plant in New Jersey. The plant treats surface water from two sources of supply: the Delaware and Raritan Canal and Lawrence Brook. The original water treatment plant was constructed in the 1916 and consisted of clarification followed by dual media gravity filtration. In t...

A rural area called Hilldale Water District (HWD) located outside Vicksburg MS was faced with declining aquifer, its sole source for water (Forest Hill Aquifer). HWD decided that the best option to ensure water resource sustainability was to drill a well into the much deeper Sparta Aquifer. This Sparta Aquifer, unlike the Forest Hill Aquifer, is bo...

Extensive instrumentation and controls logic are required for reverse osmosis (RO) facilities to function properly. Proper steps must be taken during start up and commissioning to assure that these systems protect the membrane process from disruption or potentially expensive damage. This manuscript discusses strategies to facilitate successful star...

Extensive instrumentation and controls logic are required for reverse osmosis (RO) facilities to function properly. Proper steps must be taken during start up and commissioning to assure that these systems protect the membrane process from disruption or potentially expensive damage. This manuscript discusses strategies to facilitate successful star...

Mount Pleasant Waterworks (MPW) is currently operating the first municipal drinking water RO system using a new, thin membrane technology. The new technology increases the amount of active membrane area that can be manufactured in the standard spiral wound element. Mount Pleasant Water District is the first municipal district to replace conventiona...

Mount Pleasant Waterworks (MPW) is currently operating the first municipal drinking water RO system using a new, thin membrane technology. The new technology increases the amount of active membrane area that can be manufactured in the standard spiral wound element. Mount Pleasant Water District is the first municipal district to replace conventiona...

The Deep Aquifer Treatment System (DATS) is an 8-mgd nanofiltration (NF) plant owned and operated by the Irvine Ranch Water District (IRWD) located in Santa Ana, California, that was put online in February 2002 and has successfully operated in the removal of natural organic color causing compounds utilizing organic selective membranes. The facility...

The Deep Aquifer Treatment System (DATS) is an 8-mgd nanofiltration (NF) plant owned and operated by the Irvine Ranch Water District (IRWD) located in Santa Ana, California, that was put online in February 2002 and has successfully operated in the removal of natural organic color causing compounds utilizing organic selective membranes. The facility...

As RO systems are pushed to increasingly higher recoveries, the concentration of salts in solution increases exponentially. This drastic increase in salt concentration demands more complex scaling calculations for proper system operation. One major factor in high salinity RO concentrates is the influence of complex ions on ionic equilibria. Complex...

As RO systems are pushed to increasingly higher recoveries, the concentration of salts in solution increases exponentially. This drastic increase in salt concentration demands more complex scaling calculations for proper system operation. One major factor in high salinity RO concentrates is the influence of complex ions on ionic equilibria. Complex...

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Poor performance from membrane filtration plants causes higher operating costs and can limit production. Performance issues generally can be classified as either fouling or fiber breaks. Fouling is a pervasive issue in membrane filtration impacting all facilities at some level. Fouling left unchecked compounds into irreversible damage to the membra...

Poor performance from membrane filtration plants causes higher operating costs and can limit production. Performance issues generally can be classified as either fouling or fiber breaks. Fouling is a pervasive issue in membrane filtration impacting all facilities at some level. Fouling left unchecked compounds into irreversible damage to the membra...

Analysis turnaround times are at least 24 hours for indicator microorganisms and may be weeks or months for pathogenic protozoa and viruses. These turnaround times are not sufficient to verify water quality, with respect to distribution times of water in water reuse schemes. Hazard and critical control point (CCP) frameworks are incorporated to ens...

Analysis turnaround times are at least 24 hours for indicator microorganisms and may be weeks or months for pathogenic protozoa and viruses. These turnaround times are not sufficient to verify water quality, with respect to distribution times of water in water reuse schemes. Hazard and critical control point (CCP) frameworks are incorporated to ens...

The City of Sturgis is located approximately 28 miles west of Rapid City in western Meade County, South Dakota. The City reports a permanent population of approximately 7,000 people. The permanent population is increasing, and the Sturgis Motorcycle Rally held in August of each year draws between 400,000 and 800,000 visitors during the 2-week event...

The City of Sturgis is located approximately 28 miles west of Rapid City in western Meade County, South Dakota. The City reports a permanent population of approximately 7,000 people. The permanent population is increasing, and the Sturgis Motorcycle Rally held in August of each year draws between 400,000 and 800,000 visitors during the 2-week event...

A comprehensive evaluation was performed to determine the most suitable treatment technologies and approach for plant improvements as part of recommissioning the KWRF, including the previous membrane bioreactor (MBR) process and other possible processes based on current developments in wastewater treatment and reclamation. A total of 35 different t...

A comprehensive evaluation was performed to determine the most suitable treatment technologies and approach for plant improvements as part of recommissioning the KWRF, including the previous membrane bioreactor (MBR) process and other possible processes based on current developments in wastewater treatment and reclamation. A total of 35 different t...

A common method to reduce TTHM and HAA formation is to utilize chloramines in lieu of free chlorine for secondary disinfection. Chloramines react less with dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and generally form less THMs and HAAs. However, Chloramines often create many unintended consequences due to nitrification. Chloramines are formed by adding ammoni...

A common method to reduce TTHM and HAA formation is to utilize chloramines in lieu of free chlorine for secondary disinfection. Chloramines react less with dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and generally form less THMs and HAAs. However, Chloramines often create many unintended consequences due to nitrification. Chloramines are formed by adding ammoni...

Membrane life is one of the biggest drivers in life cycle costs for any membrane-based water or wastewater treatment plant. The math is very simple: short membrane life drives costs up, long membrane life drives costs down. Shorter than expected membrane life not only increase life cycle costs, but it also generates an underserving negative percept...

Membrane life is one of the biggest drivers in life cycle costs for any membrane-based water or wastewater treatment plant. The math is very simple: short membrane life drives costs up, long membrane life drives costs down. Shorter than expected membrane life not only increase life cycle costs, but it also generates an underserving negative percept...

Ceramic membranes are commonly used for both water and diesel filtration. However, the first ceramic membrane was not originally designed for these applications. The first ceramic membrane was developed during the Manhattan project in World War II for the use of gaseous diffusion in efforts to develop the first nuclear weapon. In the 1980’s ceram...

Ceramic membranes are commonly used for both water and diesel filtration. However, the first ceramic membrane was not originally designed for these applications. The first ceramic membrane was developed during the Manhattan project in World War II for the use of gaseous diffusion in efforts to develop the first nuclear weapon. In the 1980’s ceram...

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An investigation into the occurrence of nanometer and micrometer range particles in the feedconcentrate channels of operating, production capacity reverse osmosis (RO) and nanofiltration (NF) membrane process was performed. Samples of the feed, permeate and concentrate bulk streams were sampled and submitted for particle analysis. Particle distribu...

An investigation into the occurrence of nanometer and micrometer range particles in the feedconcentrate channels of operating, production capacity reverse osmosis (RO) and nanofiltration (NF) membrane process was performed. Samples of the feed, permeate and concentrate bulk streams were sampled and submitted for particle analysis. Particle distribu...

As research advances, compounds contained in water resources are being identified and regulated for removal during treatment chain for drinking water production. This is closely linked to the evolution of analytical techniques that allow these molecules to be detected and quantified at ever lower concentrations. 1,4-dioxane is a chemical used as so...

As research advances, compounds contained in water resources are being identified and regulated for removal during treatment chain for drinking water production. This is closely linked to the evolution of analytical techniques that allow these molecules to be detected and quantified at ever lower concentrations. 1,4-dioxane is a chemical used as so...

The primary fresh water source in the Gaza area – a Palestinian territory – is the Coastal Aquifer where the water quality has deteriorated to a point it is no longer suitable for human consumption. Therefore, desalination has become one of the main viable options for meeting the potable water demand in the area. In 2018, a complete desalinatio...

The primary fresh water source in the Gaza area – a Palestinian territory – is the Coastal Aquifer where the water quality has deteriorated to a point it is no longer suitable for human consumption. Therefore, desalination has become one of the main viable options for meeting the potable water demand in the area. In 2018, a complete desalinatio...

This paper illustrates the added value of a holistic approach that facilitates control over maintenance and operation of a very large number of membranes and RO modules, by highly skilled operators using self-developed protocols. The approach includes the reinvention of existing processes and tools, advanced monitoring and data management and analy...

This paper illustrates the added value of a holistic approach that facilitates control over maintenance and operation of a very large number of membranes and RO modules, by highly skilled operators using self-developed protocols. The approach includes the reinvention of existing processes and tools, advanced monitoring and data management and analy...

The OCP Group, founded in 1920, is a Moroccan state-owned phosphate rock miner, phosphoric acid manufacturer and phosphate fertilizer producer. OCP owns and operates a large seawater desalination facility at the Jorf Lasfar industrial complex, approximately 120 kilometers southwest of Casablanca. The facility was installed in 2015 to produce 75,800...

The OCP Group, founded in 1920, is a Moroccan state-owned phosphate rock miner, phosphoric acid manufacturer and phosphate fertilizer producer. OCP owns and operates a large seawater desalination facility at the Jorf Lasfar industrial complex, approximately 120 kilometers southwest of Casablanca. The facility was installed in 2015 to produce 75,800...

Membrane Aerated Biofilm Reactor (MABR) technology is an attached-growth process in which autotrophic and heterotrophic biofilm growth occurs onto a dense gas-permeable membrane delivering oxygen by molecular diffusion (Adams et al, 2014). The MABR process employs a gas permeable media to deliver oxygen to a biofilm that is attached to the surface ...

Membrane Aerated Biofilm Reactor (MABR) technology is an attached-growth process in which autotrophic and heterotrophic biofilm growth occurs onto a dense gas-permeable membrane delivering oxygen by molecular diffusion (Adams et al, 2014). The MABR process employs a gas permeable media to deliver oxygen to a biofilm that is attached to the surface ...

The largest costs in water and wastewater projects are generally the long-term cost to operate, or cost of service (COS), over the initial capital investment for the planning, design, construction, and commissioning of new facilities. Therefore, decisions made during the delivery of the project have the greatest potential for influencing the abilit...

The largest costs in water and wastewater projects are generally the long-term cost to operate, or cost of service (COS), over the initial capital investment for the planning, design, construction, and commissioning of new facilities. Therefore, decisions made during the delivery of the project have the greatest potential for influencing the abilit...

The Fort Mill Water Pollution Control Plant (WPCP) is currently permitted to treat a capacity of 3.0 mgd, with current flows closer to 1.3 mgd. Due to the proximity of the service area to the City of Charlotte and ongoing local development, annual average flows are projected to almost triple by the year 2024. As a result, the Town of Fort Mill init...

The Fort Mill Water Pollution Control Plant (WPCP) is currently permitted to treat a capacity of 3.0 mgd, with current flows closer to 1.3 mgd. Due to the proximity of the service area to the City of Charlotte and ongoing local development, annual average flows are projected to almost triple by the year 2024. As a result, the Town of Fort Mill init...

In early 2017, SafBon Water Technology (System Supplier), working directly with a global engineering consulting firm, was awarded one of the largest Sulphate Removal Process (SRP) projects to supply an 18.3 MGD (69,300 m3/d) Nanofiltration (NF) system located in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). The heart of the project is the 2-stage Nanofiltrati...

In early 2017, SafBon Water Technology (System Supplier), working directly with a global engineering consulting firm, was awarded one of the largest Sulphate Removal Process (SRP) projects to supply an 18.3 MGD (69,300 m3/d) Nanofiltration (NF) system located in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). The heart of the project is the 2-stage Nanofiltrati...

Quality of the steam cycle water requires special attention and chlorination/dechlorination phase is very important, especially for reclaimed water sources. Efficient control of residual chlorine allows for minimizing RO membranes maintenance and extending their life. Optimized dechlorination, permitted by accurate ultra-low range chlorine monitori...

Quality of the steam cycle water requires special attention and chlorination/dechlorination phase is very important, especially for reclaimed water sources. Efficient control of residual chlorine allows for minimizing RO membranes maintenance and extending their life. Optimized dechlorination, permitted by accurate ultra-low range chlorine monitori...

The Claude “Bud” Lewis Carlsbad Desalination Plant (CDP) was completed in December 2015 and produces approximately 50 MGD of locally controlled drought-proof, potable water for San Diego County. The Water Research Foundation (WRF) initiated Project 4773, entitled Carlsbad Desalinated Seawater Integration Study, to assess the integration of seaw...

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Population growth and prolonged and frequent drought events call for an urgent need for alternative sources of water. The use of unconventional water resources such as brackish water and reclaimed water has become a viable option because of the recent advances in reverse osmosis (RO) technologies. As of March 2021, there are more than 1,200 full-sc...

Population growth and prolonged and frequent drought events call for an urgent need for alternative sources of water. The use of unconventional water resources such as brackish water and reclaimed water has become a viable option because of the recent advances in reverse osmosis (RO) technologies. As of March 2021, there are more than 1,200 full-sc...

The Claude "Bud" Lewis Carlsbad Desalination Plant (CDP), pictured in Figure 1, has been operating for nearly 3 years, producing approximately 50= million gallons per day (MGD) to meet 10 percent of the City of San Diego’s daily potable water demands. The plant has been operating under a temporary State Water Quality Control Board (Water Board) p...

The Claude "Bud" Lewis Carlsbad Desalination Plant (CDP), pictured in Figure 1, has been operating for nearly 3 years, producing approximately 50= million gallons per day (MGD) to meet 10 percent of the City of San Diego’s daily potable water demands. The plant has been operating under a temporary State Water Quality Control Board (Water Board) p...

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The Albuquerque Bernalillo County Water Utility Authority (Water Authority) is developing a state of the art on site water resources recovery plant, located at a shopping center in the uptown district of Albuquerque. The Winrock Town Center was originally constructed in the early 1960s and is currently undergoing a complete renovation. The vision f...

The Albuquerque Bernalillo County Water Utility Authority (Water Authority) is developing a state of the art on site water resources recovery plant, located at a shopping center in the uptown district of Albuquerque. The Winrock Town Center was originally constructed in the early 1960s and is currently undergoing a complete renovation. The vision f...

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