This paper discusses the long-term operation of a UF membrane system for drinking water treatment under 'passive' (i.e. without backwash, chemical cleaning and permeate pumping) conditions could be sustained over extended periods. Without any sparging, a steady state permeate flux of approximately 2 Lm-2hr-1 could be maintained. Providing infrequen...

Water Planet, Inc has developed PolyCera, a high performance ultrafiltration membrane for wastewater treatment that uniquely combines advantages of both ceramic and polymeric membrane materials. Domestic secondary effluent wastewater was treated to a level safe for reuse at remote oil & gas production camps in South Texas. This testing demonstrated...

A new quantitative procedure is proposed in this manuscript to aid engineers/investigator to analyze membrane pilot study data and select appropriate membrane design flux. This presentation will step wise demonstrate how this procedure was successfully used in two membrane water treatment plants final design in last four years....

This presentation will address how RO is a critical treatment process barrier for groundwater recharge injection projects, Surface Water Augmentation, and Direct Potable Reuse. RO is effective at removing microorganisms and organic chemicals (including Contaminants of Emerging Concern or CECs) that may pose a public health threat. There are speci...

Municipal wastewater effluent is a challenging feed water for membrane systems. Biological nutrient removal (BNR) systems can provide advantages for treatment of municipal wastewater relative to traditional activated sludge processes. This paper discusses operational considerations for a BNR system in a direct potable reuse application and investig...

This paper discusses the pathogen removal by several different MBR systems with varying membrane materials, pore sizes and membrane geometries. Impact of membrane breach on passage of pathogens in MBR is also discussed in detail along with the operational performance of the MBR-RO train observed in few different studies across the country. The pa...

This paper will discuss performance of various RO membranes tested as part of the challenge testing for various contaminants, performance of various antiscalants and membrane evaluation components of the over pilot study....

The City of Signal Hill, California was faced with rising wholesale water costs and deterioration of their local groundwater well system. In order to alleviate the problem they decided to treat water with high color and organics. This well is located at the existing City Yard at 2175 E. 28th Street in Signal Hill. A nanofiltration (NF) membrane tre...

Historically there has been an industry-wide perception that if a feedwater source contains dissolved metals they must be removed via oxidation and filtration prior to RO membrane treatment. The purpose of this paper is to provide data on evaluating the suitability of directly treating high iron and manganese feedwaters with membranes through the p...

Over the last 15 years, low pressure membrane systems have continued to evolve and are now the preferred treatment technology for many water applications. New membrane materials, system design, and operational improvements have enhanced customer confidence and have solidified the positioning of membranes in this market. Industry discussions on the ...

Discusses how progressive design-build project delivery approach was used to successfully deliver the first universal rack membrane filtration system in Pennsylvania. Topics to be addressed include the challenges of implementing a universal membrane rack system and the advantages and disadvantages to the progressive desig-build approach....

The results of the pilot testing of 6 different membrane module evaluated over the past year will be presented and discussed. The presentation will focus on the variations of backwashing and cleaning strategies used to treat the water, and will discuss the differences in membrane fouling rates that occur as a result of operation on secondary efflue...

Construction of the 28 million gallon per day (mgd) Baker Water Treatment Plant (BWTP) will be completed in October 2016, allowing the Irvine Ranch Water District and its five partner agencies El Toro Water District (ETWD), Moulton Niguel (MNWD), San Margarita (SMWD), Trabuco Canyon Water District (TCWD), and Metropolitan Water District of Orange C...

The Surface Water and Treatment System facility consists of lime-softened clarification, dual media filtration, ultrafiltration membrane filtration, and reverse osmosis (RO) membrane treatment. This system treats water from Lake Granbury in Granbury, Texas, which has elevated levels of chlorides ranging from 50 to 1,400 mg/L. As designed, the syste...

The City of Eagle Pass, Texas draws its water supply from the Rio Grande treating the river water through a 15 MGD ultrafiltration treatment plant. After 10 years of operations with 35m 2 ultrafiltration membranes, the City is planning to replace its membranes with a newer 40m 2 membrane model. This presentation will provide an update on Eagle Pass...

The City of Ventura, CA has taken a proactive approach to further advancing potable reuse as an alternative water supply, with the VenturaWaterPure Demonstration Facility serving as a critical component for demonstrating technical and regulatory feasibility and public acceptance. The demonstration facility included pasteurization, ultrafiltration (...

The use of reverse osmosis (RO) to treat municipal wastewater for various reuse purposes has gained considerable momentum in recent years, with multiple facilities now exceeding 100 million gallon per day (mgd) in capacity. Early wastewater RO (WWRO) facilities, built 10 to 15 years ago, were generally designed with low RO fluxes to reduce the risk...

N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) has long been recognized as one of the key contaminant of concern for potable reuse (NRC, 2012). Utilities currently operating advanced water purification facilities (AWPF) for indirect potable reuse (IPR) have implemented various strategies, including source control, diversion of sidestream return flows, or use of al...

The paper will describe the design of a reverse osmosis treatment facility that is capable of treating a variable salinity ground water supply with total dissolved solids ranging from 3,000 to 16,600 mg/L without any significant changes in the installed equipment. The paper will be based upon the work that was performed to design the City of Tarpo...

The Cambria Sustainable Water Facility is an indirect potable reuse facility located along the central coast of California. This presentation will focus on handling the brine discharge from the facility, including a summary of options and a discussion of the first year of operation....

Demonstration study results of an alternative membrane for application at a concrete recovery membrane system will be provided including train modifications, test protocol, operating procedures, process control monitoring, data gathering, results, and recommendations. Experience gained from testing an alternative membrane will be shared with fellow...

On-line integrity monitoring of NF and RO membranes for demonstrating pathogen removal using the Nalco TRASAR(TM) fluorescently-tagged antiscalant was evaluated at pilot scale. The results showed that 2.5- and 3-log removal can be achieved for NF and RO membranes, respectively; significantly greater than can be achieved using conventional monitorin...

This paper and associated conference presentation discuss the multi-faceted function of NF/RO in potable reuse treatment and the influence of this diverse functionality on the cost-benefit analysis between the performance enhancement and economic efficiency strategies for treatment system design. The critical role of NF/RO integrity testing in such...

This paper presents methodology, concept and results of the WateReuse Foundation project WFR - 09 - 06b when developing high pressure membranes, Reverse Osmosis (RO ) and Nanofiltration (NF) online membrane integrity testing (MIT) technique. The use of pressure-driven membrane processes, particularly reverse osmosis (RO), has grown significantly ov...

This presentation provides an overview of the design of a custom engineered microfiltration for West Basin Municipal Water District. The system is designed to accept 6 different membrane modules. The presentation will review design and procurement challenges for this system....

As UF/MF membrane modules reach the end of their useful life, end-users have more options than ever before to either purchase direct module replacements or upgrade the system. Recent trends and advancements in membrane materials, configuration, and process design have improved the performance of low pressure membrane systems. With more options for ...

Interest in the Innovation Fluytec has designed a new product line that combines two concepts: Elimination of the housing and the accessories of UF membrane modules, introducing UF fibers directly into a pressure vessel. Integration of UF pre-treatment within the same pressure vessel. The resulting integrated UF (i-UF) provides the following benefi...

With a diverse portfolio of water resources increasingly strained by a prolonged drought, El Paso Water (EPW) is developing a direct potable reuse (DPR) project to recycle 10 million gallons per day (MGD) of unchlorinated secondary effluent from its Roberto R. Bustamante Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP). Institutional knowledge about potable reuse...

Depletion of water supplies for potable and irrigation use has been a major problem in the world. Some areas in the US are facing challenges to reliably provide clean water to its population. These challenges require municipalities to pursue sustainable supply options such as Indirect Potable Reuse (IPR). IPR has become a sustainable alternative wa...

A pilot-scale osmotic membrane bioreactor (OMBR) was developed with a forward osmosis (FO) membrane submerged in a bioreactor and a Membrane Distillation re-concentration step driven by waste heat for potable wastewater reuse applications at military forward operating bases. Biofilm thickness, which is influenced by the forward osmosis (FO) membran...

In reverse osmosis (RO), the upper concentration limit to which a brine can be dewatered is about 90 g/L total dissolved solids (TDS). This limitation contravenes the use of RO for the management of brines extracted for subsurface pressure management inthe geologic carbon dioxide storage (GCS). Some extracted GCS brines have a total dissolved solid...

Drought conditions and imbalances between supply and demand in the Colorado River watershed have demonstrated the need for the development of long-range measures to manage and stretch the system's water supplies. One of the options to address this issue is operation of the Yuma Desalting Plant (YDP), which has been mostly out of service since its c...

The Cambria Sustainable Water Facility is an indirect potable reuse facility located along the central coast of California. This presentation will focus on start-up and operation of the plant, including operational challenges and product water quality....

This paper will describe the benefits of tertiary ultrafiltration technology, often combined with RO treatment for reuse projects primarily for industrial purposes, to meet the reuse water quality targets. The paper will focus on a pressurized ultrafiltration product with supported outside-in hollow fibers for treating secondary and tertiary efflue...

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Over thirty companies, involving a wide range of technologies, are focusing on reducing the cost of high recovery desalination processing. A primary driver has been the potential of significant new markets for high recovery processing in unconventional oil and gas industries. High recovery processes are cost intensive and reduction in cost is neces...

Reverse Osmosis (RO) membranes are susceptible to several different types of foulants and scales. Common foulants observed in RO systems are organics, metals, clays and colloidal material. Common scales that are observed are carbonate, phosphate, sulfate and silica. Onsite cleaning is the norm to remove these foulants and scales but sometimes a des...

Ultrafiltration (UF) membranes are widely used to treat surface water due to their capacity to remove colloids, particles, pathogens and virus. Today, they are also applied for reverse osmosis pre-treatment of wastewater reuse and desalination in order to address the problem of water shortage. However, membrane fouling by organic matter remains a k...

This presentation describes a systematic approach to the examination of fouled membrane modules and the development and validation of preferred cleaning procedures, illustrated by case study data. Through experimental design and case studies, we show that cleaning study data must be interpreted carefully to maximize the prospect of restoring module...

The developed system enables operation of an RO system with feed water varying in quality from 1 000 mg/L TDS to 70 000 mg/L TDS, and at water recoveries ranging from 25% to 99%. Due to the integrated fluidized bed crystallizer, the only limiting factors of the RO system become the concentrate water, brine, osmotic pressure and not supersaturation ...

Desalination applications based on reverse osmosis (RO) technology today comprise over 50% of the capacity of all desalination systems worldwide and represent 75-85% of new desalination projects being implemented. The major reason for the shift in desalination projects to RO technology is the high energy efficiency of the RO process. There are thre...

Although the City of Santa Barbara's seawater desalination plant and intake are exempt from the Ocean Plan Amendments' (OPA) requirements, the City has chosen to conduct its subsurface intake (SSI) study using the technical criteria presented in the OPA. This paper presents the OPA's SSI feasibility analysis requirements and summarizes the SSI feas...

Membrane technology has always been crucial to water purification process, but it could become the core element of energy generating system using salinity gradient. Reverse electrodialysis (RED) is one of the sustainable methods for capturing energy from seawater, which generates power via the transport of the positive and negative ions in the wate...

With advances in new RO membrane technologies only having minor energy reductions, reducing energy consumption by energy recovery devices (ERDs) and optimizing flow processes are the general approaches in desalination facilities. An overview of current ERD technologies and what developing new innovations in membrane process designs these devices ca...

The New Belgium Brewing Company recently evaluated the effectiveness, reliability, and robustness of submerged anaerobic membrane bioreactor (AnMBR) technology at their Fort Collins, Colorado craft brewery. The pilot study drivers were the performance limitations of Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) digesters, space constraints and a desire to...

In potable reuse, reverse osmosis (RO) is important for system-level salinity management and as a pathogen barrier in the treatment train. Scaling is a key driver of cost for RO systems because it increases energy use and leads to more frequent cleaning and replacement of membrane elements. Phosphate-induced scaling in particular has been identifie...

Quorum sensing (QS) pathways regulate bacterial communication to trigger biofilm development, the main cause of membrane biofouling. Recent studies identified the integral role of QS inhibiting (QSI) compounds to disrupt QS pathways and ultimately reduce biofilm production. In this research, vanillin and cinnamaldehyde, both known QSIs were physica...

Contamination of membrane systems treated water from clean-in-place (CIP) chemicals is un-avoidable. Citric acid is of particular concern as it will react with chlorine disinfection in the downstream process resulting in formation of DBP. In order to estimate the quantity of citric acid carryover at a WTP, a series of bench-scale tests were conduct...

There is an ever-growing demand for fresh water from the Central and West Coast Basin aquifers serving the Los Angeles area. Beginning in 2005 and continuing today, the Leo J Vander Lans Advanced Water Treatment Facility (LVLWTF) was built to recycle tertiary-treated wastewater into a very high quality water that is injected to prevent saltwater in...

The implementation of direct potable reuse (DPR) in recent years has become a necessity in drought-driven states such as California and Texas. However, in Florida, alternative water supplies have long been established for providing reclaimed water to end users for irrigation and other non-potable applications. Furthermore, the driver for investigat...

Severe drought over the last five years in California have forced municipalities to search for alternate sustainable sources of potable water. In January 2014, Governor Brown declared a drought state of emergency and directed state agencies to take all necessary actions to respond to drought conditions. Part of the series of actions were to invest ...

San Andres Island is located in the Caribbean northwest of the Colombian Coast. The northern part of the island is the center of the urban population and tourism, whereas the southern part of the island has a lower density, more rural population. The existing total water demand for the entire island is estimated around 5.14 mgd; however, the existi...

As RO desalination facilities are being implemented in drought-affected areas, California has responded by adding a desalination amendment to the California Ocean Plan in which desalination plants are required to dilute the discharged brine with wastewater effluent before being discharged to the ocean. The colocation of desalination facilities with...

The Carlsbad Water Recycling Facility (CWRF) is owned by the Carlsbad Municipal Water District (CMWD) and operated and maintained by Encina Wastewater Authority. Located in Carlsbad, CA, the CWRF treats secondary effluent from the adjacent Encina Water Pollution Control Facility to produce up to 4.0 mgd of Title 22 recycled water. The CWRF was cons...

Ceramic membranes are being considered for reuse applications due to their durability and the ability to use strong chemicals to clean the membranes. Some pilot evaluations of different pre-treatments to ceramic membranes have been completed, and more are underway. It is clear that membranes can perform well when the pre-treatment is optimized. Thi...

Meidensha Corporation (Tokyo, Japan) contracted Black & Veatch to perform third party demonstration testing of their ceramic flat sheet membrane CFM membrane to demonstrate its ability to meet the California Division of Drinking Water (DDW) Recycled Water Criteria per California Code of Regulations Title 22. The City of Escondido (City), California...

This presentation briefly summarizes the design and operation of a microfiltration for treating a pretreated produced water....

The City of Marco Island is in the process of converting from lime softening to low-pressure reverse osmosis to reduce significant annual operating cost, while significantly improving finished water quality, reliability and operability. The new RO system will treat MF filtered high-TOC surface water from the existing North Water Treatment Plant. ...

The aeration of combined NF and RO concentrate has resulted in unprecedented scaling in both the downstream disposal piping and deep injection well at the City of Deerfield Beach West Water Treatment Plant. Investigation results indicated that iron (31 to 56%), phosphorus (18 to 23%), calcium (12 to 24%), and sulfur (2 to 11%) make up the main comp...

Over the past few decades the Reverse Osmosis (RO) industry has observed an increase in applications in challenging waters. Water sources that were never considered suitable for RO are now commonplace, including municipal waste streams, industrial waste, and even mining waste. Furthermore, regulatory restrictions, environmental obligations, solid w...

When making improvements to membrane treatment products, it is important that all aspects of product performance and longevity be thoroughly investigated to maximise the value of the improvements. This presentation describes testing done in a full-scale MBR plant in California to validate a product improvement in a novel way, and some of the accel...

A conventional wastewater treatment process such as sequencing batch reactor (SBR) was successfully upgraded to a membrane bioreactor (MBR) at an Indian casino resort and hotel, Santa Ynez, California. The technical difficulties from existing process at the site including bar screen, SBR, sand filtration were relieved of by new biological membrane ...

This presentation will share the successful planning and design of an innovative tertiary membrane bioreactor (TMBR) facility. This facility will provide flexibility to meet future water quality challenges, reduce costs to enable water reuse while preserving potable water, and manage operational costs through innovative design....

ATP is a biomarker for biomass and can be used as a valuable indicator for biofouling. Until now, ATP in seawater could not be measured using luciferin/luciferase reaction due to interference from salt. In this work we describe new methods to measure microbial ATP in seawater. The new method involves extraction of ATP directly from biomass in seawa...

This analysis compared the use of traditional 20 micron cartridge filters versus self-cleaning disc filters as a ?safety stage' between media filtration and reverse osmosis (RO) membranes in seawater desalination systems (SWRO) over a testing period of five years. Items of interest for comparison were effluent water quality differences as well as ...

As the global water community is experiencing an intensified deficit in fresh water resources, developing seawater desalination infrastructure has become a necessity for many regions. Over the decades, technology advancements have made seawater desalination a reality, however high energy demand remains an issue, both in terms of operating cost and ...

Reverse osmosis (RO) permeate is aggressive, corrosive since it is soft, low alkalinity water with slightly acidic pH. Unless properly post-treated, finished water from RO facilities can cause corrosion to downstream fixtures and piping including the distribution system. Post-treatment includes chemical addition to adjust water quality. Blending a ...

There has been only limited research on coagulation/flocculation/floatation as pretreatment for ultrafiltration (UF) membranes in drinking water treatment, and it has concentrated on the treatment of algal-laden waters, i.e., their natural organic matter (NOM) has a low hydrophobic fraction (HPO). The main objective of this study was to investigate...

This paper focuses on pre-treatment with coagulation upstream of ceramic microfiltration for treating surface water on a pilot-scale in Andijk, the Netherlands. Two coagulation systems, i.e., a conventional coagulation/flocculation system and an in-line coagulation absorber (ILCA) are compared....

Membrane fouling is ubiquitous and has a significant impact on the operation of membrane plants. Although the impact of fouling may be mitigated via the modification of pretreatment processes, inefficient cleaning can affect the extent of irreversible permeability loss, leading to the premature replacement of membranes. The challenges of having eff...

The main boost in desalination technology will come from new membranes currently in development, including carbon nanotubes, graphene, aquaporin, and others. The common feature of all these membranes is high flux operation, dozens of times higher than that of the present membranes. This dramatic increase in flux promises a list of technological a...

The purpose of this work was to identify a method for determining maximum recoveries in RO systems where calcium carbonate was a concern, and to find a reliable method for antiscalant dosage prediction....

This study was conducted to investigate the relationship among the reverse diffusion of fertilizer draw solute, bacteria community and bio-methane production rate in the FDFO-AnMBR system. Three fertilizers were evaluated in this study, namely KCl, KNO3 and KH2PO4. Results showed that bio-methane production decreased with the increase in reverse fe...

The process of reclamation of secondary or tertiary municipal wastewater effluent utilizing advanced membrane technology is well established. Numerous large capacity systems operate worldwide with a standardized configuration with very reliable performance. This configuration of an advanced wastewater treatment plant (AWWTP) consists of membrane fi...

PTFE (polytetrafluoroethylene) MF/UF membrane has a unique highly porous three-dimensional fibril structure not seen in other polymeric membranes. PTFE is temperature resistant and exceptionally high chemical resistant. Its temperature resistance allows for treatment of raw water at higher temperature and the chemical resistance allows cleaning by ...

A detailed study of water and draw solute transport through FO membranes is presented. Flux tests were performed using CTA and TFC membranes in both orientations using four draw solutes (NaCl, Na2SO4, MgCl2, MgSO4). Fluxes were modeled using a novel model and using an FO-only approach. The membrane permeability coe-cients and structural parameter w...

Forward osmosis (FO) is an innovative membrane separation technology which has been used in wastewater treatment and food processing, and can be extended to algae dewatering for further bioproduct processes. Experimental trials on algae dewatering using a FO system have already been initiated (e.g., NASA OMEGA project). The FO system can reduce the...

The superior fouling resistance of forward osmosis (FO) desalination with respect to reverse osmosis (RO) has prompted debate over the effect of hydraulic pressure. We present a method of isolating the effects of pressure from other differences (e.g., internal concentration polarization) between FO and RO: pressurizing the entire FO module. This me...

Abandoned or acid mine drainage (AMD) is characterized with high sulfate and metal ion concentrations and acidic pH and has been a pervasive environmental concern for over five decades. Problems of sludge disposal and inability to achieve EPA sulfate limits with conventional treatment strategy of lime neutralization and cost ineffectiveness of the ...

At the Orange County Water Districts Groundwater Replenishment System, 6 - 5 mgd Reverse Osmosis units have been recently installed to provide an additional 30 mgd of treatment capacity. The units are configured in a 77:49:24 array with an Energy Recovery Device located between the first and second stage. The system was also designed with a bypass ...

The City of Sanibel's (City) Donax Water Reclamation Facility (Donax WRF) is a conventional activated sludge treatment plant with a permitted design capacity of 2.375 million gallons per day (MGD) on a maximum monthly average daily flow (MMADF) basis. It is the only active facility for wastewater treatment on Sanibel Island. The facility produces e...

This paper will focus on the current water quality of the Chesapeake in comparison to other areas, address ongoing initiatives to reduce pollutants that help preserve wildlife as well as protect human health, and provide a status overview of five (5) Membrane Bio-Reactor (MBR) projects in the region. Membrane technologies, specifically MBR, provid...

Reverse Osmosis (RO) systems are monitored and maintained using a combination of SCADA, laboratory analysis and manual inspections. Changing factors such as temperature, feed water quality, permeate flow and system recovery can all have an effect on membrane performance. "Normalizing" RO data allows comparison of membrane performance to a baseline ...

The Tampa Electric Company (TEC) recently commissioned a $100 million industrial water reuse facility at their Polk Power Station located approximately 40 miles southeast of Tampa, Florida. The project includes a wetlands water intake and pumping station, 15-mile transmission pipeline, advanced reverse osmosis (RO) desalination water treatment syst...

Ion-exchange membranes can be used in different applications and sectors, from seawater desalination to selective separation in industrial water treatment. However, the transport of organics, and potential contamination of produced water streams, in ion-exchange membranes has not been studied thoroughly yet. This research looks into the effects of ...

Biofouling remains one of the greatest challenges to the water industry to date. Among the many strategies practiced by the water industry, an effective pretreatment system with cleaning protocol (Clean-in-Place, CIP) remains the only viable option. This practice, however, seems not to be fully effective in eliminating biofouling altogether. Other ...

The State Water Resources Control Board adopted the Desalination Amendment to the California Ocean Plan in 2015. The Desalination Amendment requires newe or expanded seawater desalination facilities to use the best available site, design, technology, and mitigation measures to minimize intake and mortality of all forms of marine life. This presenta...

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With environmental regulators placing ever greater scrutiny upon nutrient control, many wastewater treatment facilities, both new and existing, are having to review additional processes and technologies to achieve effluent compliance. Given that effluent TSS contains both nitrogen and phosphorus, many facilities are turning to MBR technology to add...

The Chesapeake Bay Watershed Initiative (CBWI) of 2010 required many wastewater treatment plants discharging to affected waterways to meet progressively lower effluent contaminant levels. While the initiative's impact was felt most profoundly by municipal plants that now had to meet lower nutrient limits, it also affected many of the area's industr...

The Running Springs Water District (RSWD), which serves the communities of Running Springs, Arrowbear, and County Service Area 79 in the San Bernardino Mountains, currently operates a 1.0 MGD membrane bio-reactor (MBR). The facility, as it stands today, hardly resembles the original MBR plant first commissioned back in 2003. With a constant focus o...

This presentation will discuss the RO optimization afforded as a direct result of the real time high frequency data on daily THM, THM-FP, and PDN-THM values provided through the use on an online THM monitor....

San Antonio, along with many parts of Texas is experiencing double digit growth rates every 10 years. San Antonio Water System (SAWS) must be able to provide adequate water supplies in order to meet this growth. SAWS, currently, gets the majority of their drinking water from the Edwards Aquifer, but water levels are decreasing, resulting in limitat...

Typically, membrane module replacements have been completed on either an as needed basis due to integrity failure, or based on a fixed term, maximum operating period dictated by membrane warranty life, usually negotiated during membrane procurement. However, given that membrane replacement costs contribute a significant portion of the lifecycle cos...

This study examines the recovery of enteric adenovirus HAdV 40 by crossflow ultrafiltration from several water matrices (deionized water, tap water and surface water) and interprets recovery data by elucidating the physicochemical mechanisms that control virus adhesion on surfaces. In accordance with predictions from the extended Derjaguin-Landau-V...

Arabic gum (AG) as an additive to the casting solutions of polysulfone (PS) was investigated in this work to increase the hydrophilicity of PS ultrafiltration membranes. Various AG loading (0.1-3.0 wt. percent) in PS/dimethylacetamide (DMAc) dope solutions were prepared to fabricate PS membranes using phase inversion technique. The hydrophilicity a...

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Water Planet Inc. (WPI) set out to design and demonstrate a solution to treat produced water from multiple oil & gas production sites to agricultural reuse water quality. WPI was selected to provide a treatment system to perform the separation of oils, solids, and other remaining elements from produced water. The platform consisting of a pilot scal...

Unconventional gas extraction by hydraulic fracturing generates a huge amount of high salinity wastewater that needs to be treated to enable its reuse and to reduce the amount of wastewater that has to be disposed. Membrane distillation is a technology with a small economic footprint that can utilize low quality waste heat to obtain almost pure wat...

Indirect potable reuse (IPR) projects via groundwater injections in California utilizing full advanced treatment require MF/UF, RO and UV advanced oxidation to meet pathogen, TOC, trace organic and other requirements specified in the most recent groundwater recharge regulations (California Department of Public Health, 2014). The main functions of M...

Recycled water projects that include some form of potable reuse are becoming more common in the water industry. They are being built to help alleviate water shortages throughout the world by allowing the reuse of available water. Many of these systems utilize membrane processes to remove soluble and insoluble contaminants to produce high quality pr...

The City of Spokane, Washington is implementing tertiary membrane filtration at their Riverside Park Water Reclamation Facility, The primary objective of the tertiary membrane system is to produce effluent with a seasonal average total phosphorus concentration of less than 18 parts per billion at a maximum month average daily flow capacity of 50 mi...

Scinor manufactures direct retrofits modules for nearly all low pressure membrane systems on the market. This paper will discuss five plants that have operated with these membranes after the service life of the original membranes ended due to permeability loss, fiber breakage concerns, and/or increasing operating costs....

Reverse osmosis (RO) membranes used to treat municipal wastewater for reuse become fouled with inorganic, organic and biological materials present in the feedwater, causing a decrease in RO efficiency. The feedwater matrix varies continuously throughout the RO feed channel; in a 3-stage RO system, the feedwater solute concentration increases over 6...

Our work explores how drinking water membranes age over the long-term in operational settings. By partnering with water treatment plants and monitoring their membranes over several years, the performance of membranes has been linked to their haracteristics and operation. In this presentation, performance benchmarks among membranes are identified a...

Good, Better, Best. Never let it rest. To proactively manage their limited water resources, many inland utilities and private sector water consumers have embarked and maintained certain level of salinity management activities. This includes developing regional salinity monitoring and control program as part of relevant master planning documents, es...

Designing a membrane plant with the right parameters ensures that finished water production and water quality goals are achieved while minimizing unforeseen, premature and costly membrane module replacements. However, even with pilot testing, it is challenging to predict the impacts of seasonal or long term changes in raw water quality and the eff...

Prolonged drought across the Southwest United States has caused water utilities to consider alternative supplies. Critical to developing these supplies is an increased reliance on proven technologies such as reverse osmosis (RO). Critical to this technology is the membrane element. While the industry is mature, advances in membrane design and co...