Inland desalination faces unique challenges foremost of which is brine disposal. Challenges include salinity management, waste reduction, and operational complexity. Innovative technologies including closed-circuit reverse osmosis (CCRO) may play a role in cost effective solutions. This paper discusses the use of CCRO as a primary RO for potable re...

Inland desalination faces unique challenges foremost of which is brine disposal. Challenges include salinity management, waste reduction, and operational complexity. Innovative technologies including closed-circuit reverse osmosis (CCRO) may play a role in cost effective solutions. This paper discusses the use of CCRO as a primary RO for potable re...

Marine Corps Air Ground Combat Center (MCAGCC) Twentynine Palms is in the Mojave Desert in California and is one of the largest military training areas in the nation. MCAGCC relies on groundwater for its drinking water supply. Due to concerns about depletion of the existing aquifer, and the presence of hexavalent chromium in some of the wells, MCAG...

Marine Corps Air Ground Combat Center (MCAGCC) Twentynine Palms is in the Mojave Desert in California and is one of the largest military training areas in the nation. MCAGCC relies on groundwater for its drinking water supply. Due to concerns about depletion of the existing aquifer, and the presence of hexavalent chromium in some of the wells, MCAG...

The Orange County Water District (OCWD) Groundwater Replenishment System (GWRS) is the world’s largest potable reuse plant, treating secondary effluent to produce purified water for groundwater recharge as a drinking water supply augmentation and for injection into coastal wells that form a barrier to prevent seawater intrusion. Currently the GWR...

In 2016, EPA released a 70 ug/L health advisory level (HAL) for perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substance (PFAS) compounds within drinking water. Due to their persistence, removal of these compounds is extremely challenging. Currently, three treatment technologies: reverse osmosis (RO), granular activated carbon (GAC), and ion exchange resins (I...

In 2016, EPA released a 70 ug/L health advisory level (HAL) for perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substance (PFAS) compounds within drinking water. Due to their persistence, removal of these compounds is extremely challenging. Currently, three treatment technologies: reverse osmosis (RO), granular activated carbon (GAC), and ion exchange resins (I...

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) continue to gain attention as potential health concerns, with the EPA intending to evaluate perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) for potential maximum contaminant levels (MCLs). Data from pilot testing of low-pressure reverse osmosis (LPRO) membranes has previously indicated t...

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) continue to gain attention as potential health concerns, with the EPA intending to evaluate perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) for potential maximum contaminant levels (MCLs). Data from pilot testing of low-pressure reverse osmosis (LPRO) membranes has previously indicated t...

Academic research on the use of flat-sheet coupons of NF and RO membranes at bench scale for removal of PFAS dates back to 2006. Tang et. al (2006) investigated removal of perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) by four RO membranes (BW30, LFC3, ESPA3 and SG). PFOS passage through these membranes at feed concentrations ranging from 1 to 1,500 ppm was, in n...

Academic research on the use of flat-sheet coupons of NF and RO membranes at bench scale for removal of PFAS dates back to 2006. Tang et. al (2006) investigated removal of perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) by four RO membranes (BW30, LFC3, ESPA3 and SG). PFOS passage through these membranes at feed concentrations ranging from 1 to 1,500 ppm was, in n...

The Hyperion Advanced Water Purification Facility is a “proof of concept” treatment project that will provide highly treated water for multiple non-potable uses at the Los Angeles International Airport (LAX) and the Hyperion Water Reclamation Plant (HWRP). These uses may include make-up water for cooling towers, toilet flushing, boiler feed mak...

The Hyperion Advanced Water Purification Facility is a “proof of concept” treatment project that will provide highly treated water for multiple non-potable uses at the Los Angeles International Airport (LAX) and the Hyperion Water Reclamation Plant (HWRP). These uses may include make-up water for cooling towers, toilet flushing, boiler feed mak...

Facing frequent membrane and micron-filter maintenance and replacement as a result of biological fouling and oxidation despite their use of a SMBS dechlorination process, Plant Bowen, a 3,160 megawatt coal-fired power station, in Cartersville, Georgia evaluated and then installed a non-chemical dechlorination process to improve the overall quality ...

Facing frequent membrane and micron-filter maintenance and replacement as a result of biological fouling and oxidation despite their use of a SMBS dechlorination process, Plant Bowen, a 3,160 megawatt coal-fired power station, in Cartersville, Georgia evaluated and then installed a non-chemical dechlorination process to improve the overall quality ...

The Albert Robles Center (ARC) of the Water Replenishment District of Southern California’s (WRD’s) Groundwater Reliability Improvement Project (GRIP) is a state of the art advanced water treatment facility (AWT) incorporating ultrafiltration (UF), reverse osmosis (RO), and ultraviolet light photolysis/advanced oxidation (UV/AOP). The ARC treat...

The Albert Robles Center (ARC) of the Water Replenishment District of Southern California’s (WRD’s) Groundwater Reliability Improvement Project (GRIP) is a state of the art advanced water treatment facility (AWT) incorporating ultrafiltration (UF), reverse osmosis (RO), and ultraviolet light photolysis/advanced oxidation (UV/AOP). The ARC treat...

Intelligent Micro-Disrupting Parallel and Cascading Train Reverse Osmosis (IMPACT-RO™ -) is a patented technology (US & International) that provides for reduction of flux distribution without concentrate recycling and allows for controlled hydraulic disruption of the concentration polarization (CP) layer to reduce scale formation across multi-sta...

Intelligent Micro-Disrupting Parallel and Cascading Train Reverse Osmosis (IMPACT-RO™ -) is a patented technology (US & International) that provides for reduction of flux distribution without concentrate recycling and allows for controlled hydraulic disruption of the concentration polarization (CP) layer to reduce scale formation across multi-sta...

Water scarcity and population growth create increasing pressure on natural water sources and require the development of new, sustainable water sources. As technologies gradually improve, reusing effluent from municipal wastewater plants is becoming more popular as an alternative renewable source, and wastewater reuse is proving an effectively susta...

Water scarcity and population growth create increasing pressure on natural water sources and require the development of new, sustainable water sources. As technologies gradually improve, reusing effluent from municipal wastewater plants is becoming more popular as an alternative renewable source, and wastewater reuse is proving an effectively susta...

This paper describes the results of pilot testing Closed Circuit Reverse Osmosis (CCRO) and Flow Reversal Reverse Osmosis (FRRO) technologies in an existing brackish groundwater treatment plant to increase membrane system recovery and help the City of Santa Monica achieve its water sustainability goals. The City of Santa Monica has limited addition...

This paper describes the results of pilot testing Closed Circuit Reverse Osmosis (CCRO) and Flow Reversal Reverse Osmosis (FRRO) technologies in an existing brackish groundwater treatment plant to increase membrane system recovery and help the City of Santa Monica achieve its water sustainability goals. The City of Santa Monica has limited addition...

Conventional wisdom would dictate that as raw water Total Suspended Solids and Turbidity rises, the head-loss across a filter or trans-membrane pressure (TMP) of a membrane filtration system should also rise. This prompts designers and operators to reduce filtration time, reduce filtration flux, and increase filter cleaning (backwashing or otherwis...

Conventional wisdom would dictate that as raw water Total Suspended Solids and Turbidity rises, the head-loss across a filter or trans-membrane pressure (TMP) of a membrane filtration system should also rise. This prompts designers and operators to reduce filtration time, reduce filtration flux, and increase filter cleaning (backwashing or otherwis...

This paper provides two project case studies, City of Spokane and Gwinnett County, where dynamic simulation was used to assist with the design and optimization of membrane facilities. The City of Spokane’s 150 million gallons per day (mgd) Riverside Park Water Reclamation Facility (Riverside Park) is in the process of adding a tertiary treatment ...

This paper provides two project case studies, City of Spokane and Gwinnett County, where dynamic simulation was used to assist with the design and optimization of membrane facilities. The City of Spokane’s 150 million gallons per day (mgd) Riverside Park Water Reclamation Facility (Riverside Park) is in the process of adding a tertiary treatment ...

This paper describes how coagulant dose in an ultrafiltration system can be automatically adjusted by means of inline UV monitoring. In this way chemical consumption is minimized while ensuring an optimal water quality and minimal membrane fouling....

This paper describes how coagulant dose in an ultrafiltration system can be automatically adjusted by means of inline UV monitoring. In this way chemical consumption is minimized while ensuring an optimal water quality and minimal membrane fouling....

Contrary to the traditional view, membrane technologies have offered solutions for reusing water obtained from sources such as seawater and wastewater. A limitation caused by membrane technologies, however, has been the hydraulic throughput of membranes mainly due to the growth of biofilm, resulting in membrane fouling. There has, nonetheless, been...

Contrary to the traditional view, membrane technologies have offered solutions for reusing water obtained from sources such as seawater and wastewater. A limitation caused by membrane technologies, however, has been the hydraulic throughput of membranes mainly due to the growth of biofilm, resulting in membrane fouling. There has, nonetheless, been...

Canton Water Reclamation Facility (Canton) has faced hardships meeting capacity during winter months since beginning operation as a membrane bioreactor (MBR) plant. In an attempt to resolve this issue, Canton collaborated with Kubota Membrane USA Corporation to identify technical causes of the MBR plant. Cold water temperatures created an environme...

Canton Water Reclamation Facility (Canton) has faced hardships meeting capacity during winter months since beginning operation as a membrane bioreactor (MBR) plant. In an attempt to resolve this issue, Canton collaborated with Kubota Membrane USA Corporation to identify technical causes of the MBR plant. Cold water temperatures created an environme...

Water Research Foundation (WRF) project 4997 has proposed a framework for Tier 2 validation of membrane bioreactors (MBRs) which outlines how proponents could demonstrate that their MBR systems achieve log reduction values (LRVs) exceeding Tier 1 values of 1.0 and 2.5 for protozoa and virus, respectively. To date, no Tier 2 validation studies have ...

Water Research Foundation (WRF) project 4997 has proposed a framework for Tier 2 validation of membrane bioreactors (MBRs) which outlines how proponents could demonstrate that their MBR systems achieve log reduction values (LRVs) exceeding Tier 1 values of 1.0 and 2.5 for protozoa and virus, respectively. To date, no Tier 2 validation studies have ...

Cherokee Metropolitan District (CMD) outside of Colorado Springs, CO currently operates a 4.8 mgd maximum month flow water reclamation facility (WRF) with sequencing batch reactors (SBRs) and ultraviolet disinfection. The WRF effluent is discharged to several rapid infiltration basins. The facility has a permit limit of 400 mg/L total dissolved sol...

Cherokee Metropolitan District (CMD) outside of Colorado Springs, CO currently operates a 4.8 mgd maximum month flow water reclamation facility (WRF) with sequencing batch reactors (SBRs) and ultraviolet disinfection. The WRF effluent is discharged to several rapid infiltration basins. The facility has a permit limit of 400 mg/L total dissolved sol...

The Town of Walkersville (Town) is located in Frederick County in northern Maryland. The ground water wells were known to be under the influence of surface water. In 1999, a rupture in a sewer line caused over a million gallons of raw sewage into the Town’s well aquifer, causing plant shutdown, boil water notices, and pumping raw water to the sew...

The Town of Walkersville (Town) is located in Frederick County in northern Maryland. The ground water wells were known to be under the influence of surface water. In 1999, a rupture in a sewer line caused over a million gallons of raw sewage into the Town’s well aquifer, causing plant shutdown, boil water notices, and pumping raw water to the sew...

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The goal of membrane development in water treatment has historically been to treat more water or wastewater in a smaller footprint. Pioneering Reverse Osmosis (RO) membrane manufacturers originally started out with 4-inch diameter by 38 inches long elements, for commercial purposes in the late 1960’s. Gradually they increased the RO element size ...

The goal of membrane development in water treatment has historically been to treat more water or wastewater in a smaller footprint. Pioneering Reverse Osmosis (RO) membrane manufacturers originally started out with 4-inch diameter by 38 inches long elements, for commercial purposes in the late 1960’s. Gradually they increased the RO element size ...

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The City of Pompano Beach has a 50 million gallon per day (mgd) water treatment plant that includes a 10 mgd nanofiltration (NF) process. The NF process includes five 2-mgd NF units. The units are two-stage, in a 36:16 array. The NF units were previously populated with hybrid of membrane elements that were installed in 2009. These membranes were se...

The City of Pompano Beach has a 50 million gallon per day (mgd) water treatment plant that includes a 10 mgd nanofiltration (NF) process. The NF process includes five 2-mgd NF units. The units are two-stage, in a 36:16 array. The NF units were previously populated with hybrid of membrane elements that were installed in 2009. These membranes were se...

An evaluation of treatment alternatives using the Judge Farms Reservoir as a source water was conducted to determine the technical and economical viabilities of a potable water treatment facility. Three (3) treatment train alternatives were investigated based on technologies suitable for surface water treatment with membrane technology being at the...

An evaluation of treatment alternatives using the Judge Farms Reservoir as a source water was conducted to determine the technical and economical viabilities of a potable water treatment facility. Three (3) treatment train alternatives were investigated based on technologies suitable for surface water treatment with membrane technology being at the...

In 2008, the City of Signal Hill developed Well No. 9 to increase reliability and redundancy to their existing water supply. The well had elevated levels of color at 50-60 color units and required treatment. The treatment project included the design and construction of the well pump and nanofiltration (NF) membrane treatment facility. Production go...

In 2008, the City of Signal Hill developed Well No. 9 to increase reliability and redundancy to their existing water supply. The well had elevated levels of color at 50-60 color units and required treatment. The treatment project included the design and construction of the well pump and nanofiltration (NF) membrane treatment facility. Production go...

In the recent decade, 3D printing technology has been used to produce spacers in the membrane industry due to its advantages at dealing with complicated geometries and simplifying the assembling process. A new spacer methodology is investigated that uses 3D printing to directly attach spacers to the membrane surface. The novelty of this method is t...

In the recent decade, 3D printing technology has been used to produce spacers in the membrane industry due to its advantages at dealing with complicated geometries and simplifying the assembling process. A new spacer methodology is investigated that uses 3D printing to directly attach spacers to the membrane surface. The novelty of this method is t...

Conventional plastic mesh material has been utilized as the feed spacer between spiral wound membranes sheets since they were invented. Under a grant from the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) printed feed spacer technology was developed. Aqua Membranes Inc. was started in 2011 to commercialize this technology and has subsequently a...

Conventional plastic mesh material has been utilized as the feed spacer between spiral wound membranes sheets since they were invented. Under a grant from the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) printed feed spacer technology was developed. Aqua Membranes Inc. was started in 2011 to commercialize this technology and has subsequently a...

Water and wastewater projects that incorporate complex systems or anchor process equipment can quickly face schedule and cost delays during the design and construction. This complexity lends itself well to utilizing collaborative delivery methods including Fixed-Price Design-Build (FPDB), Progressive Design-Build (PDB), Construction Manager General...

Water and wastewater projects that incorporate complex systems or anchor process equipment can quickly face schedule and cost delays during the design and construction. This complexity lends itself well to utilizing collaborative delivery methods including Fixed-Price Design-Build (FPDB), Progressive Design-Build (PDB), Construction Manager General...

The City of Post Falls, Idaho owns and operates a secondary treatment Water Reclamation Facility (WRF) utilizing enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR) to treat municipal wastewater generated within its service area. The City’s WRF average daily flow (ADF) design capacity is 5 mgd with peak flow (PF) capacity of approximately 12 mgd. Recla...

The City of Post Falls, Idaho owns and operates a secondary treatment Water Reclamation Facility (WRF) utilizing enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR) to treat municipal wastewater generated within its service area. The City’s WRF average daily flow (ADF) design capacity is 5 mgd with peak flow (PF) capacity of approximately 12 mgd. Recla...

The City of Thornton (City), Colorado operates a 50 mgd water treatment plant (WTP) with a submerged ultrafiltration system. The Wes Brown Water Treatment Plant was originally constructed as a lime softening and conventional filtration plant. In 2005, the WTP was converted to a submerged membrane filtration plant using Suez membranes with coagulati...

The City of Thornton (City), Colorado operates a 50 mgd water treatment plant (WTP) with a submerged ultrafiltration system. The Wes Brown Water Treatment Plant was originally constructed as a lime softening and conventional filtration plant. In 2005, the WTP was converted to a submerged membrane filtration plant using Suez membranes with coagulati...

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Deschutes Brewery, Inc (Deschutes), a large national craft brewery, evaluated emerging anaerobic technologies for pretreatment of process waste streams from its brewery in Bend, OR. Deschutes sought to identify the best feasible technology for recovering energy resources and decreasing the overall environmental footprint of its operation. Deschutes...

Deschutes Brewery, Inc (Deschutes), a large national craft brewery, evaluated emerging anaerobic technologies for pretreatment of process waste streams from its brewery in Bend, OR. Deschutes sought to identify the best feasible technology for recovering energy resources and decreasing the overall environmental footprint of its operation. Deschutes...

This study presents the shortcut nitrification in a membrane aerated bioreactor (MABR) treating high strength nitrogen waste stream. The utilization of MABR has advantages of bidirectional control of oxygen (O2) and substrate, highly energy efficient O2 transfer capacity and reduced stripping of noxious gases (NH3, NO2, and N2O). The MABR system wa...

This study presents the shortcut nitrification in a membrane aerated bioreactor (MABR) treating high strength nitrogen waste stream. The utilization of MABR has advantages of bidirectional control of oxygen (O2) and substrate, highly energy efficient O2 transfer capacity and reduced stripping of noxious gases (NH3, NO2, and N2O). The MABR system wa...

The Water Replenishment District of Southern California (WRD) is responsible for managing and replenishing both the West Coast and Central Coast groundwater basins. In the West Coast Basin, a significant plume of saline groundwater (saline plume) with elevated total dissolved solids (TDS) has been trapped in the Gage, Silverado, Lynwood, and Lower ...

The Water Replenishment District of Southern California (WRD) is responsible for managing and replenishing both the West Coast and Central Coast groundwater basins. In the West Coast Basin, a significant plume of saline groundwater (saline plume) with elevated total dissolved solids (TDS) has been trapped in the Gage, Silverado, Lynwood, and Lower ...

A municipality in Texas had been operating its new reverse osmosis (RO) trains for only a few months when it started experiencing severe decline in flux and an increase in salt passage. Membrane cleaning did not restore performance. Cartridge filter analysis found heavy iron loading. Membrane autopsies revealed heavy iron hydroxide fouling across t...

A municipality in Texas had been operating its new reverse osmosis (RO) trains for only a few months when it started experiencing severe decline in flux and an increase in salt passage. Membrane cleaning did not restore performance. Cartridge filter analysis found heavy iron loading. Membrane autopsies revealed heavy iron hydroxide fouling across t...

When reverse osmosis (RO) and nanofiltration (NF) systems are designed, the water quality is the most crucial piece of information. It is the deciding factor for which membranes will be used, what pretreatment will need to be installed, how much water can be recovered and the cost of energy that will be required to run the system. However, after th...

When reverse osmosis (RO) and nanofiltration (NF) systems are designed, the water quality is the most crucial piece of information. It is the deciding factor for which membranes will be used, what pretreatment will need to be installed, how much water can be recovered and the cost of energy that will be required to run the system. However, after th...

Supersaturated carbon dioxide solution was applied to backwash ceramic membranes. Three types of feed water were employed with the filtration of three membranes with different serving time. CO2 backwash had a lower average TMP of backwash, leading to higher flux. The increment TMP of filtrations before and after CO2 backwash was lower than DI water...

Supersaturated carbon dioxide solution was applied to backwash ceramic membranes. Three types of feed water were employed with the filtration of three membranes with different serving time. CO2 backwash had a lower average TMP of backwash, leading to higher flux. The increment TMP of filtrations before and after CO2 backwash was lower than DI water...

SWRO pre-treatment with polymeric MF/UF membranes initially gained a wider acceptance mainly due to its reported superior removal of particulate and colloidal foulants (absolute filtration), low footprint and its benefits in terms of consistent and reliable performance, and operational flexibility. It was hoped that this approach would also solve p...

SWRO pre-treatment with polymeric MF/UF membranes initially gained a wider acceptance mainly due to its reported superior removal of particulate and colloidal foulants (absolute filtration), low footprint and its benefits in terms of consistent and reliable performance, and operational flexibility. It was hoped that this approach would also solve p...

Electrodialysis (ED) stack manufacturers play second fiddle to reverse osmosis because of high capital costs even though their products generate 90% less waste brine and require 80% less energy to purify brackish water. Traditional ion exchange membranes are the critical, performance driving component of ED and contribute up to 50% of the total sys...

Electrodialysis (ED) stack manufacturers play second fiddle to reverse osmosis because of high capital costs even though their products generate 90% less waste brine and require 80% less energy to purify brackish water. Traditional ion exchange membranes are the critical, performance driving component of ED and contribute up to 50% of the total sys...

This paper is the first part of a three-part session entitled “Guidance for Existing MF/UF Facilities: When is membrane replacement recommended, what are the viable options, can costs be reduced and performance improved”. The three-part session will provide current available options for Owners for replacement, retrofits, and an overview of open...

This paper is the first part of a three-part session entitled “Guidance for Existing MF/UF Facilities: When is membrane replacement recommended, what are the viable options, can costs be reduced and performance improved”. The three-part session will provide current available options for Owners for replacement, retrofits, and an overview of open...

Microfiltration (MF) and ultrafiltration (UF) as applied on drinking water and wastewater has evolved significantly over the past 30 years. While research existed for some time, the technology started gaining acceptance in the early nineties with the introduction of dead-end mode (as opposed to crossflow mode), integrity tests, and cleaning protoco...

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Water is an essential for a better life and a critical resource for the pulp and paper industry and Kimberly-Clark (K-C) because all our products require some amount of water for their manufacture. In addition, water resilience creates social values. Due to increasing governmental and NGO scrutiny of water use, our businesses continue to face new r...

Water is an essential for a better life and a critical resource for the pulp and paper industry and Kimberly-Clark (K-C) because all our products require some amount of water for their manufacture. In addition, water resilience creates social values. Due to increasing governmental and NGO scrutiny of water use, our businesses continue to face new r...

The recycle and reuse of wastewaters for industrial applications has been around for a long time. Recent environmental, regulatory, and economic developments have made it essential for Companies to consider recycle and reuse for their growth and sustainability goals. This creates the need for solutions to more challenging applications that were pre...

The recycle and reuse of wastewaters for industrial applications has been around for a long time. Recent environmental, regulatory, and economic developments have made it essential for Companies to consider recycle and reuse for their growth and sustainability goals. This creates the need for solutions to more challenging applications that were pre...

Treatment processes almost always involve Reverse Osmosis (RO). RO provides the physical barrier needed to remove multiple contaminants, facilitate regulatory compliance, and over the years, has gained the trust of engineers, operators, and consumers. Conventional RO technology effectively removes dissolved solids, micro-molecules, and pathogens, b...

Wastewater reuse, together with zero or near zero liquid discharge, has been a growing trend due to the requirement of sustainable water management mandated by tightening discharge regulations. A lot of attention has been drawn to limiting the amount of concentrate generated from RO processes, which depends mainly on the concentrations of scale for...

Wastewater reuse, together with zero or near zero liquid discharge, has been a growing trend due to the requirement of sustainable water management mandated by tightening discharge regulations. A lot of attention has been drawn to limiting the amount of concentrate generated from RO processes, which depends mainly on the concentrations of scale for...

Increasing demand for existing freshwater resources among a variety of beneficial uses (i.e., municipal, agricultural, industrial, and environmental) is straining available supplies to an unprecedented degree. The competition for these supplies has been intensified by the protracted droughts that have afflicted the desert Southwest, California, Tex...

Increasing demand for existing freshwater resources among a variety of beneficial uses (i.e., municipal, agricultural, industrial, and environmental) is straining available supplies to an unprecedented degree. The competition for these supplies has been intensified by the protracted droughts that have afflicted the desert Southwest, California, Tex...

Operating a membrane plant can be challenging insomuch as there are limited direct observations that can made to asses condition. In this respect, it is much like piloting a submarine; you are dependent on indirect observation by means of on-board instrumentation. However, when it comes to assessing the health of a membrane system such as a microfi...

Operating a membrane plant can be challenging insomuch as there are limited direct observations that can made to asses condition. In this respect, it is much like piloting a submarine; you are dependent on indirect observation by means of on-board instrumentation. However, when it comes to assessing the health of a membrane system such as a microfi...

The Recovery Rate (Recovery) of a Reverse Osmosis (RO) system is defined as the ratio of permeate to total feed flow. The recovery is a key design parameter which, for a given plant production capacity, will help define both: the infrastructure and equipment sizing as well as expected energy and chemical consumption. These factors relate directly t...

The Recovery Rate (Recovery) of a Reverse Osmosis (RO) system is defined as the ratio of permeate to total feed flow. The recovery is a key design parameter which, for a given plant production capacity, will help define both: the infrastructure and equipment sizing as well as expected energy and chemical consumption. These factors relate directly t...

Port St. Lucie’s James E Anderson RO Facility is a 22.5 MGD treatment plant that has been in service since 2005. The facility is in need of membrane replacements and is currently undergoing a pilot testing effort to verify acceptable membrane elements. In addition to traditional configuration testing, the pilot efforts include an alternative flow...

Port St. Lucie’s James E Anderson RO Facility is a 22.5 MGD treatment plant that has been in service since 2005. The facility is in need of membrane replacements and is currently undergoing a pilot testing effort to verify acceptable membrane elements. In addition to traditional configuration testing, the pilot efforts include an alternative flow...

Membrane treatment plants represent efficient and effective means of treating various source waters. Microfiltration (MF) and ultrafiltration (UF) membranes are capable of removing particulate, bacteria and viruses, essential for protecting public health. When membrane plants run well, water quality is consistent, production capacity is dependable....

Membrane treatment plants represent efficient and effective means of treating various source waters. Microfiltration (MF) and ultrafiltration (UF) membranes are capable of removing particulate, bacteria and viruses, essential for protecting public health. When membrane plants run well, water quality is consistent, production capacity is dependable....

Stormwater in urban watersheds is often contaminated with suspended solids, oil and grease, and various metals, and ceramic membranes may offer a robust option for treating all of these. In this study, an active stormwater treatment process consisting of ceramic ultrafiltration (CUF) with a solids contact loop followed by oxidative filtration was d...

Stormwater in urban watersheds is often contaminated with suspended solids, oil and grease, and various metals, and ceramic membranes may offer a robust option for treating all of these. In this study, an active stormwater treatment process consisting of ceramic ultrafiltration (CUF) with a solids contact loop followed by oxidative filtration was d...

Though 2017 was a wet year for the southwest U.S., drought conditions resumed in 2018 and continue through today [Heim (2021)], resulting in a water shortage that is forcing industries to look for ways to reuse wastewater and rely less on fresh water sources. Two such industries have found creative ways to reuse wastewater in their processes: one b...

Though 2017 was a wet year for the southwest U.S., drought conditions resumed in 2018 and continue through today [Heim (2021)], resulting in a water shortage that is forcing industries to look for ways to reuse wastewater and rely less on fresh water sources. Two such industries have found creative ways to reuse wastewater in their processes: one b...

The Well #26 and Raw Water Transmission Main project is being undertaken to provide needed capacity, redundancy and flexibility for the City of Goodyear’s water distribution system. The project scope includes a new production well (Well 26), with a targeted capacity of 1,500 gpm, transmission main and reverse osmosis (RO) improvements at the Bull...

The Well #26 and Raw Water Transmission Main project is being undertaken to provide needed capacity, redundancy and flexibility for the City of Goodyear’s water distribution system. The project scope includes a new production well (Well 26), with a targeted capacity of 1,500 gpm, transmission main and reverse osmosis (RO) improvements at the Bull...

Recent activity in the potable reuse field incorporates reverse osmosis (RO) processes as a requirement to provide pathogen removal and a reduction of other compounds. California has implemented the 12-10-10 log pathogen removal requirement respectively for virus, Giardia, and Cryptosporidium for proposed groundwater recharge projects. Reverse Osmo...

Recent activity in the potable reuse field incorporates reverse osmosis (RO) processes as a requirement to provide pathogen removal and a reduction of other compounds. California has implemented the 12-10-10 log pathogen removal requirement respectively for virus, Giardia, and Cryptosporidium for proposed groundwater recharge projects. Reverse Osmo...

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Full advanced treatment (FAT) consisting of reverse osmosis (RO) and advanced oxidation process (AOP) has been widely used in indirect potable reuse (IPR) applications in California and some other states and is expected to be a major component of the direct potable reuse (DPR) trains in future. FAT has been proven very effective in reliably meeting...

Full advanced treatment (FAT) consisting of reverse osmosis (RO) and advanced oxidation process (AOP) has been widely used in indirect potable reuse (IPR) applications in California and some other states and is expected to be a major component of the direct potable reuse (DPR) trains in future. FAT has been proven very effective in reliably meeting...

The Carlsbad Desalination Plant (CDP), a 50 MGD seawater desalination plant, was originally co-located with NRG’s Encina Power Station (EPS) and the feedwater was withdrawn from the EPS thermal effluent discharge tunnel. The EPS terminated operations in late 2018, which required the construction of a new feedwater intake and brine dilution discha...

The Carlsbad Desalination Plant (CDP), a 50 MGD seawater desalination plant, was originally co-located with NRG’s Encina Power Station (EPS) and the feedwater was withdrawn from the EPS thermal effluent discharge tunnel. The EPS terminated operations in late 2018, which required the construction of a new feedwater intake and brine dilution discha...

The Claude "Bud" Lewis Carlsbad Desalination Plant (CDP), pictured in Figure 1, has been operating for nearly 3 years, producing approximately 50 million gallons per day (MGD) to meet 10 percent of the City of San Diego’s daily potable water demands. The plant has been operating under a temporary State Water Quality Control Board (Water Board) pe...

The Claude "Bud" Lewis Carlsbad Desalination Plant (CDP), pictured in Figure 1, has been operating for nearly 3 years, producing approximately 50 million gallons per day (MGD) to meet 10 percent of the City of San Diego’s daily potable water demands. The plant has been operating under a temporary State Water Quality Control Board (Water Board) pe...

There have been numerous articles published on formulating and casting unreinforced hollow fiber membranes. However, there are far fewer reports on preparation of reinforced PVDF hollow fiber membranes. Consequently, there has not been much study on key process parameters affecting reinforced hollow fiber membrane quality. We recently completed an ...

There have been numerous articles published on formulating and casting unreinforced hollow fiber membranes. However, there are far fewer reports on preparation of reinforced PVDF hollow fiber membranes. Consequently, there has not been much study on key process parameters affecting reinforced hollow fiber membrane quality. We recently completed an ...

Reverse osmosis (RO)-based treatment of brackish water and recycled water is one of the key solutions for solving the global challenge of water scarcity due to excessive drought, population growth, and climate change. While the RO process produces 75% to 85% of fresh water, 15% to 25% of the feed water becomes a waste stream called concentrate or b...

Reverse osmosis (RO)-based treatment of brackish water and recycled water is one of the key solutions for solving the global challenge of water scarcity due to excessive drought, population growth, and climate change. While the RO process produces 75% to 85% of fresh water, 15% to 25% of the feed water becomes a waste stream called concentrate or b...

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Recent activity in the potable reuse field incorporates reverse osmosis (RO) processes as a requirement to provide pathogen removal and a reduction of other compounds. California has implemented the 12-10-10 log pathogen removal requirement respectively for virus, Giardia, and Cryptosporidium for proposed groundwater recharge projects. Reverse Osmo...

Recent activity in the potable reuse field incorporates reverse osmosis (RO) processes as a requirement to provide pathogen removal and a reduction of other compounds. California has implemented the 12-10-10 log pathogen removal requirement respectively for virus, Giardia, and Cryptosporidium for proposed groundwater recharge projects. Reverse Osmo...

As research advances, compounds contained in water resources are being identified and regulated for removal during treatment chain for drinking water production. This is closely linked to the evolution of analytical techniques that allow these molecules to be detected and quantified at ever lower concentrations....

As research advances, compounds contained in water resources are being identified and regulated for removal during treatment chain for drinking water production. This is closely linked to the evolution of analytical techniques that allow these molecules to be detected and quantified at ever lower concentrations....

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Since its inception, nanotechnology has shown considerable promise to tackle some of our most daunting societal challenges. Poor water quality is one such issue, and it can potentially be ameliorated through the application of intelligently designed nanostructures. Some of the most basic attributes of nanomaterials, such as their stability, extreme...

Since its inception, nanotechnology has shown considerable promise to tackle some of our most daunting societal challenges. Poor water quality is one such issue, and it can potentially be ameliorated through the application of intelligently designed nanostructures. Some of the most basic attributes of nanomaterials, such as their stability, extreme...

This paper presents a novel solution for reducing effluent chlorides or for production of potable water from wastewater treatment plant (WTP) effluent. It combines nanofiltration (NF), reverse osmosis, softening and CounterFlow Reverse Osmosis (CFRO) technologies to achieve over 99% recovery, minimizing final brine flow while producing drinking-qua...

This paper presents a novel solution for reducing effluent chlorides or for production of potable water from wastewater treatment plant (WTP) effluent. It combines nanofiltration (NF), reverse osmosis, softening and CounterFlow Reverse Osmosis (CFRO) technologies to achieve over 99% recovery, minimizing final brine flow while producing drinking-qua...

The Hayden Wastewater Treatment Plant process consists of a headworks, equalization, enhanced biological nutrient removal, oxidation ditches, and secondary clarifiers. The facility produces typical effluent total phosphorus (TP) concentrations in the range of <1.0 mg/L as P. However, during upset conditions, these effluent concentrations can often ...

This study presents and compares results obtained with inside-to-out polyethersulfone ultrafiltration membranes operated on three different wastewater streams in two locations. The first stream tested originated from a wastewater containing powdered activated carbon (PAC) added to a contact reactor with a long contact time and continuous coagulatio...

This study presents and compares results obtained with inside-to-out polyethersulfone ultrafiltration membranes operated on three different wastewater streams in two locations. The first stream tested originated from a wastewater containing powdered activated carbon (PAC) added to a contact reactor with a long contact time and continuous coagulatio...

The Collier County North County Regional Water Treatment Plant (NCRWTP) is a 20-mgd facility including a 12-mgd nanofiltration (NF) system and an 8-mgd brackish water reverse osmosis (BWRO) system. The existing BWRO system treats the Upper Floridan Aquifer Wells. Soon after the RO system installation in 1999, four of the new Floridan wells were dis...

The Collier County North County Regional Water Treatment Plant (NCRWTP) is a 20-mgd facility including a 12-mgd nanofiltration (NF) system and an 8-mgd brackish water reverse osmosis (BWRO) system. The existing BWRO system treats the Upper Floridan Aquifer Wells. Soon after the RO system installation in 1999, four of the new Floridan wells were dis...

Maryland Environmental Service (MES) operates over 200 water and wastewater facilities throughout the State of Maryland. Among these are 11 membrane plants at facilities ranging from 5,000 to 900,000 GPD design flow rates for water and wastewater applications, with 3 more projects in the pipeline. The focus of this presentation is to collect and co...

Maryland Environmental Service (MES) operates over 200 water and wastewater facilities throughout the State of Maryland. Among these are 11 membrane plants at facilities ranging from 5,000 to 900,000 GPD design flow rates for water and wastewater applications, with 3 more projects in the pipeline. The focus of this presentation is to collect and co...

A pre-engineered, fully automated ultrafiltration system piloted and commissioned for the Town of Fine, NY, is described. The Town, in coordination with neighboring users, elected to install an ultrafiltration system after thorough review of technology options and completion of on-site piloting to address the necessary upgrades to the water treatme...

A pre-engineered, fully automated ultrafiltration system piloted and commissioned for the Town of Fine, NY, is described. The Town, in coordination with neighboring users, elected to install an ultrafiltration system after thorough review of technology options and completion of on-site piloting to address the necessary upgrades to the water treatme...

The City of Newport, OR (City) operates a 6-million gallon per day (MGD) low pressure membrane water treatment plant (WTP). Starting mid-May 2020, the City experienced a rapid change in water production leading to an emergency situation four weeks later that caused a citywide water curtailment. Newport is a small town with a population of 10,000, b...

The City of Newport, OR (City) operates a 6-million gallon per day (MGD) low pressure membrane water treatment plant (WTP). Starting mid-May 2020, the City experienced a rapid change in water production leading to an emergency situation four weeks later that caused a citywide water curtailment. Newport is a small town with a population of 10,000, b...

A two-stage ultrafiltration system designed, built, and commissioned for the City of Big Timber, MT, is described. After a thorough review of technology options, while determining how to bring their WTP system into compliance and work with existing infrastructure options and limits, the City elected to install a two-stage ultrafiltration system in ...

A two-stage ultrafiltration system designed, built, and commissioned for the City of Big Timber, MT, is described. After a thorough review of technology options, while determining how to bring their WTP system into compliance and work with existing infrastructure options and limits, the City elected to install a two-stage ultrafiltration system in ...

In common parlance, reverse osmosis (RO) is often described as removing salt from water. In practice however, these processes squeeze water from a salt solution resulting in concentrate to be disposed or treated further in more expensive processes which pose significant challenges to the viability of a project. Disposal options may be cost-prohibit...

In common parlance, reverse osmosis (RO) is often described as removing salt from water. In practice however, these processes squeeze water from a salt solution resulting in concentrate to be disposed or treated further in more expensive processes which pose significant challenges to the viability of a project. Disposal options may be cost-prohibit...

Concentrate pH in RO and NF applications plays a significant role in the formation of certain scales and the rejection of various contaminants. Incorrectly predicting pH can lead to excessive chemical costs or operational issues. Likewise, permeate pH is of utmost importance for determining post-treatment requirements for the product water. Most me...

Concentrate pH in RO and NF applications plays a significant role in the formation of certain scales and the rejection of various contaminants. Incorrectly predicting pH can lead to excessive chemical costs or operational issues. Likewise, permeate pH is of utmost importance for determining post-treatment requirements for the product water. Most me...