Historically there has been an industry-wide perception that if a feedwater source contains dissolved metals they must be removed via oxidation and filtration prior to RO membrane treatment. The purpose of this paper is to provide data on evaluating the suitability of directly treating high iron and manganese feedwaters with membranes through the p...

The implementation of direct potable reuse (DPR) in recent years has become a necessity in drought-driven states such as California and Texas. However, in Florida, alternative water supplies have long been established for providing reclaimed water to end users for irrigation and other non-potable applications. Furthermore, the driver for investigat...