For desalination of surface waters, this study evaluates slowsand (SS) filtration as pretreatment to reverse osmosis (RO). In 2000, Reclamation's Phoenix Area Office in the appraisal study Alternatives for Using Central Arizona Project Water in the Northwest Tucson Area estimated the costs of three water treatment filtration processes: SS filtrati...

Forward osmosis (FO) offers the opportunity to engineer new applications based on the ubiquitous osmotic process utilized by every living organism. FO applications include small-scale individual water purification units (Instant Water), large-scale water desalination systems (Forward Osmosis Water Purification Units (FOWPUs)), and production of ele...