A comprehensive overview of the various types of membranes are discussed. Comparison between element type, chemistry, and system configuration are reviewed. Differences between MF, UF, NF, and RO membranes and the constituents they remove are discussed...

Several key parameters that require continuous monitoring are discussed. The main indicator of comprosied membrane performance are increases in pressure. Based on the type of pressure increase, the type of fouling problem can be identified. Troubleshooting matrix and guide are presented....

Data collection is critical for evaluating system performance. Normalization of daily operating data allows plant owners to determine if a system is performing correctly. Data collection and normalization also help determine when and what to clean for RO systems. Different fouling mechanisms can be identified through proper operating data analys...