Autopsy studies of MF/UF membranes to evaluate wear and tear and the possibility of integrity failures after long use....

Membrane fouling caused by iron or the combination of iron and organic matter is very common operating issue in membrane plants. Iron species in natural water can be dissolved, via incomplete oxidation and/or precipitation, as well as metal-NOM complexation, both may cause the loss in membrane permeability and/or difficulties in cleaning. The chemi...