Reverse Osmosis (RO) membranes are susceptible to several different types of foulants and scales. Common foulants observed in RO systems are organics, metals, clays and colloidal material. Common scales that are observed are carbonate, phosphate, sulfate and silica. Onsite cleaning is the norm to remove these foulants and scales but sometimes a des...

Case studies on reverse osmosis systems experiencing unexplained rejection loss with deep well water sources. Comparisons are assessed between sites with similar water sources that run smoothly and ones that experience problems....