Energy is often the most significant factor in the affordability and sustainability of treating various different source waters by desalination. More than 33% of the cost to produce water using reverse osmosis technology is attributed to electrical demands. As a result, there is considerable interest in optimizing energy and employing renewable ene...

Paper addresses the inherent problem of Reverse Osmosis (RO) permeate corrositivity to concrete and metal because of its low pH and Langelier Saturation Index. Specific study results are offered relative to the use of micronized calcium carbonate instead of lime for RO permeate stabilization....

Summary of renewable energy sources (wind, solar, biogas, geothermal) and energy reduction strategies for the minimization of greenhouse gasses (GHG). Technologies include distillation, microbial desalination cells, ion concentration polarization, and forward osmosis....