This paper will review several commercial operations and recent pilot plant test results and economics for the use of hollow-fiber ultrafiltration membranes for pretreatment to spiral RO brackish water and seawater desalination systems...

Environmental concerns with the discharge of seawater desalination concentrate into coastal marine environments lead to significant project costs and risks for permits, outfall pipelines, diffusion devices and perhaps even mitigation. This paper presents ecosystem assessment methods and lessons from studies involving permits for municipal wastewat...