Controlled studies are needed which examine the anti-biofouling benefits of new membrane and module innovations. Such investigations are often very small in scale, or they may lack sufficient control over feed water properties, or fail to compare against a control group of membranes, or run outside the normal operating ranges of RO systems. To addr...

To meet water availability and discharge challenges, membrane-based minimal liquid discharge (MLD) is recognized as a cost effective solution for sustainable water management. While MLD provides options for wastewater reuse, it also provides avenues for purifying and recycling salt streams that would otherwise require expensive replacement and/or ...