Modern day advances in analytical techniques have evolved the Ultrafiltration and Microfiltration (UF/MF) autopsy into a highly advanced science. Fiber profiling techniques, Chromatic Elemental Imaging (CEI), along with cleaning studies including single fiber performance data have allowed for a more accurate and in-depth treatment of fouling. This ...

This is a case study on a hydroponic grower in California and explores challenges that growers face when incorporating RO systems into their operations. The study illustrates how a water treatment system can operate on two different feed waters and one reclaimed water source. It also shows how improvements allowed the site to run on all of them an...

Reverse Osmosis (RO) membranes are susceptible to several different types of foulants and scales. Common foulants observed in RO systems are organics, metals, clays and colloidal material. Common scales that are observed are carbonate, phosphate, sulfate and silica. Onsite cleaning is the norm to remove these foulants and scales but sometimes a des...

When reverse osmosis (RO) and nanofiltration (NF) systems are designed, the water quality is the most crucial piece of information. It is the deciding factor for which membranes will be used, what pretreatment will need to be installed, how much water can be recovered and the cost of energy that will be required to run the system. However, after th...

When reverse osmosis (RO) and nanofiltration (NF) systems are designed, the water quality is the most crucial piece of information. It is the deciding factor for which membranes will be used, what pretreatment will need to be installed, how much water can be recovered and the cost of energy that will be required to run the system. However, after th...