California has implemented a 12-10-10 log removal requirement for virus, Giardia, and Cryptosporidium for IPR projects which must be demonstrated. Conductivity and TOC being used as on-line indicators to determine compliance. However these processes lack the sensitivity to accurately measure the actual log reduction for pathogens. It is suggested t...

Inland desalination faces unique challenges foremost of which is brine disposal. Challenges include salinity management, waste reduction, and operational complexity. Innovative technologies including closed-circuit reverse osmosis (CCRO) may play a role in cost effective solutions. This paper discusses the use of CCRO as a primary RO for potable re...

Inland desalination faces unique challenges foremost of which is brine disposal. Challenges include salinity management, waste reduction, and operational complexity. Innovative technologies including closed-circuit reverse osmosis (CCRO) may play a role in cost effective solutions. This paper discusses the use of CCRO as a primary RO for potable re...