Energy is often the most significant factor in the affordability and sustainability of treating various different source waters by desalination. More than 33% of the cost to produce water using reverse osmosis technology is attributed to electrical demands. As a result, there is considerable interest in optimizing energy and employing renewable ene...

Summary of renewable energy sources (wind, solar, biogas, geothermal) and energy reduction strategies for the minimization of greenhouse gasses (GHG). Technologies include distillation, microbial desalination cells, ion concentration polarization, and forward osmosis....