The use of support media in submerged membranes systems has shown great potential in controlling and minimizing membrane fouling without the need of increasing the membrane operational parameters. Support media can be very efficient for removal of water organic impurities and turbidity. However, the fill fraction of support media required for minim...

The characteristics of NOM fouling and chemical cleaning of ceramic membranes during water treatment is an area that has not been researched in depth. The specific fraction of NOM foulants that are primarily responsible for long-term irreversibility are still not well understood.Extent of NOM fouling for ceramic membranes need to be identified. In ...