These optical and microscopic techniques combined with others such as chemical observation of surface (FTIR), or hydraulic-dynamic tests (filtration tests, molecules or micro-organisms retention) can help to improve the understanding of fouling and/or ageing phenomena occurring during drinking water production in order to manage and minimize them....

A new method for direct measurement of the abrasion propensity of UF membranes used in water treatment plants was developed. Standard conditions were determined to obtain a rapid response....