The historical development of reverse osmosis is reviewed to provide context for the ongoing research efforts regarding pressure retarded osmosis. Emphasis is placed on the diverse background, breadth of knowledge and teamwork required to bring new technologies to the market....

This paper considers process designs and projected membrane performance of semi-batch reverse osmosis (RO) systems for a range of brackish and low-salinity source water types and compositions. The potential advantages of new process design features that are attainable with batch RO but not practical for conventional RO, such as short membrane arra...

As fresh water supplies become more limited, industry and municipalities are demanding greater treatment efficiency and resorting to alternative water resources that are often too difficult for traditional water purification methods to treat effectively. Reverse Osmosis (RO) is the standard for water purification and reuse, but it?s a 40 year old t...