The developed system enables operation of an RO system with feed water varying in quality from 1 000 mg/L TDS to 70 000 mg/L TDS, and at water recoveries ranging from 25% to 99%. Due to the integrated fluidized bed crystallizer, the only limiting factors of the RO system become the concentrate water, brine, osmotic pressure and not supersaturation ...

Reject brine, with a high content of dissolved salts, is a by-product of the brackish water and industrial wastewater desalination processes. With the growing demand for water, increasing amounts of brine are produced from the brackish water and industrial wastewater desalination plants, leading to significant adverse impacts on the environment. Ef...