It is essential to use alternative energy, mainly solar, sources to meet the growing demand for desalination and being environmentally friendly. Most solar driven plants are connected to the grid because the exxisting desalination technologies require continuous energy supply for stable operation, which cannot be assured by solar energy alone. In t...

Biofouling remains one of the greatest challenges to the water industry to date. Among the many strategies practiced by the water industry, an effective pretreatment system with cleaning protocol (Clean-in-Place, CIP) remains the only viable option. This practice, however, seems not to be fully effective in eliminating biofouling altogether. Other ...