Abandoned or acid mine drainage (AMD) is characterized with high sulfate and metal ion concentrations and acidic pH and has been a pervasive environmental concern for over five decades. Problems of sludge disposal and inability to achieve EPA sulfate limits with conventional treatment strategy of lime neutralization and cost ineffectiveness of the ...

Chemical cleaning is a part of the membrane maintenance process and is usually performed when the permeate flux decreases by about 10% or when the pressure drop increases by about 10-15%. Although it is important to select the cleaning chemicals based on the type of foulant, it is also very important to understand the effect of chemical cleaning on...