Forward osmosis (FO) is a rapidly-growing membrane technology that can be used as an energy-saving alternative to standard membrane water treatment systems such as reverse osmosis (RO). FO in combination with low pressure RO can be applied for water reuse. FO is a membrane filtration process driven by the osmotic pressure difference originating fro...

The study of forward osmosis (FO) membranes is increasing in importance due to their well-known advantages (low-energy consumption and reduced fouling) when compared to high-energy consuming membrane technologies such as reverse osmosis (RO). This research focused on the characterization of the natural organic matter (NOM) fraction causing fouling ...