This paper discusses the pathogen removal by several different MBR systems with varying membrane materials, pore sizes and membrane geometries. Impact of membrane breach on passage of pathogens in MBR is also discussed in detail along with the operational performance of the MBR-RO train observed in few different studies across the country. The pa...

In potable reuse, reverse osmosis (RO) is important for system-level salinity management and as a pathogen barrier in the treatment train. Scaling is a key driver of cost for RO systems because it increases energy use and leads to more frequent cleaning and replacement of membrane elements. Phosphate-induced scaling in particular has been identifie...