This paper presents the results from a twelve-month pilot study using ceramic membranes on Lake Michigan water in a sustainable manner with a flux of 103 gfd (175 lmh), with chlorinated and acidic chemically enhanced backwashes, and with pre-treatment with polyaluminum chloride coagulation. They estimate that the cleaning interval could be up to 10 months. It was necessary to apply pre-coagulation upstream of the ceramic membranes for sustainable operation.
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