Cost of Membrane Treatment: Current Costs and Trends

The following technologies and applications have been included in the cost analyses: Reverse osmosis (RO) for seawater desalination; RO for brackish water desalting and water reuse applications; Nanofiltration (NF) for water softening and color/organic removal; Ultrafiltration (UF) and microfiltration (MF) for particle filtration, pretreatment for RO/NF, and, following coagulant addition, removal of total organic carbon (TOC) and other contaminants.

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