Pretreatment Optimization for an Impaired Groundwater Supply

To offset imported State Project Water, the City of Santa Monica is resuming the use of local, impaired groundwater resources contaminated with MTBE and TBA. Using membrane softening, these contamnants are effectively removed. However, ambient iron and manganese levels prematurely foul the softening membranes. Optimized green sand filtration with chlorine resolved the fouling issues at the pilot scale.

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